【正文】 re being used to make butter, so each unit of guns given up yields a small increase in the production of butter. Thus, the frontier is steep and the opportunity cost of producing butter is high. When the economy is producing a lot of guns, workers and machines best suited to making butter are being used to make guns, so each unit of guns given up yields a large increase in the production of butter. Thus, the frontier is very flat and the opportunity cost of producing butter is low. c. 在圖中找到該經(jīng)濟(jì)無法實(shí)現(xiàn)的一點(diǎn)。 （Sally）因擁有阿克姆企業(yè) 10%的產(chǎn)權(quán)而賺取了 10,000 元。指出與下列每種活動(dòng)相伴的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)流向以及貨幣流向。A policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the benefits of lower inflation pared to the cost of higher unemployment.。貨幣增加使得持有貨幣者的財(cái)富縮水，所能購(gòu)買的商品和勞務(wù)數(shù)量減少，就像是向每個(gè)持有貨幣的人征了稅，引發(fā)了通貨膨脹。 ？.對(duì)醫(yī)療提供方式進(jìn)行多種改革，提供多種靈活的醫(yī)療方式，更有效地利用了醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域的資源，促進(jìn)更多產(chǎn)出，提高了美國(guó)的生產(chǎn)率。所以高儲(chǔ)蓄換來的生產(chǎn)率提高只會(huì)使社會(huì)暫時(shí)獲益無法持久?！?Efficiency? currently doctors form a monopoly and restrict health care to keep their ines high,so efficiency would increase by providing more health care.if the government mandated increased spending on health care, the economy would be less efficient because it would give people more health care than they would choose to pay for. From the point of view of equity, poor people are less likely to have adequate health care, an improvement. Each person would have a more even slice of the economic pie, though the pie would consist of more health care and less of other goods.b.“工人在被解雇后，應(yīng)該允許他們?cè)谡业叫鹿ぷ髑耙恢鳖I(lǐng)取失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)金。如果是更關(guān)注效率，分析可能涉及的市場(chǎng)失靈情形。 a. 這種改革對(duì)窮人的工作激勵(lì)有何影響？ they have greater incentive to find jobsb. 這種改革對(duì)平等和效率之間的權(quán)衡有何影響（更側(cè)重于效率還是平等）？ the change in the law is one that increases efficiency but reduces equity.someone who can39。d pay up to $3 million；any more than that, and you won39。對(duì)于這筆錢你有兩個(gè)選擇，你可以現(xiàn)在就花掉或者存入銀行，銀行利率為 5%，你現(xiàn)在就將這筆錢花掉的機(jī)會(huì)成本是多大？ you are giving up the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now. 500 萬(wàn)元開發(fā)某個(gè)新產(chǎn)品，但研發(fā)尚未結(jié)束。d rather have the new clubs or the vacation. 2. think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation，但你朋友讓你去滑雪。s profits pared to other alternatives. （upgrade existing equipment or expand existing factories） increase profit the most between the value of improving the qualityof the lecture pared to other things she could do with her time, such as working on additional research. 。失業(yè)率高，通脹率低。政府為了抑制通貨膨脹會(huì)減少流通中的貨幣量，人們可用的貨幣量減少,但商品價(jià)格在短期內(nèi)具有粘性仍居高不下，于是社會(huì)消費(fèi)的商品和勞務(wù)量減少，消費(fèi)量不足又會(huì)引起企業(yè)開工不足，導(dǎo)致失業(yè)。： ；a tradeoff between the cost of the car and other things they might want to buy. the tradeoff is between parks and other spending items or tax cuts.（不增加撥款可少征稅）；the decision is based on whether the new factory will increase the firm39。decide if you39。its monetary and time costs, which includes the opportunity cost of the wages you are giving up by not working. 100 元。ll earn $2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so.In fact, you39。 a. 提供社會(huì)保障對(duì)人們?cè)诠ぷ髌陂g（年輕時(shí)）的儲(chǔ)蓄激勵(lì)有何影響？ lowers an individual’s incentive to save for retirement.The benefits provide some level of ine to the individual when he or she retires. individual is not entirely dependent on savings to support consumption through the years in retirement.b. 收入較高時(shí)保障金會(huì)下降，這對(duì) 65 歲以上老人的工作激勵(lì)有何影響？ an incentive not to work (or not work as much) after age 65.Because the more you work, the lower your aftertax Social Security benefits will be. 1996 年實(shí)施，它對(duì)美國(guó)聯(lián)邦政府反困項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行了改革，新法案規(guī)定某些被救助者只能領(lǐng)取兩年的救濟(jì)金。 By specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.（家庭雜務(wù)）countries can specialize and trade, making both better off.EX. make clothes and make wine efficiently s produce all the clothes and French workers produce all the wine, and they exchange some wine for some clothes.。 a.“應(yīng)該保證社會(huì)中的每個(gè)人得到最好的醫(yī)療服務(wù)。re producing morethe factory owners get a return on their investments.There is no such thing as a free lunch, however, because when people save more, they are giving up spending. They get higher ines at the cost of buying fewer ，生產(chǎn)的商品銷售不出去，市場(chǎng)會(huì)陷入疲軟，企業(yè)利潤(rùn)減少，會(huì)通過減少產(chǎn)量和裁減工人降低成本，社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)會(huì)減緩甚至停滯。 ？ 通過向高收入家庭征稅來對(duì)低收入家庭的補(bǔ)貼籌資，使更多的低收入人群能享受到醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)得到更好的治療，有助于改善社會(huì)的收入分配增進(jìn)公平；通過對(duì)醫(yī)療的提供方式進(jìn)行改革降低醫(yī)療成本，更多的產(chǎn)出被用于醫(yī)療方面，提高了醫(yī)療產(chǎn)業(yè)的效率。因?yàn)樨泿旁黾釉斐晌飪r(jià)水平上升，貨幣的實(shí)際價(jià)值降低，每一單位美元的購(gòu)買力下降。為了做出明智的決策，你應(yīng)該了解有關(guān)通貨膨脹、失業(yè)及二者之間權(quán)衡的哪些知識(shí)？ Any attempt to reduce inflation will likely lead to higher unemployment in the short run.what causes inflation and unemployment,what determines the tradeoff between them. 通貨膨脹和失業(yè)各自對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生的影響多大以及抑制通貨膨脹(reduce inflation )的措施對(duì)失業(yè)率的影響程度、持續(xù)時(shí)間等。 Raising taxes will lead to reducing spending in the economy. This will cause a shortrun increase in unemployment and a drop in prices.However, printing more money will cause a longrun rise inflation because the value of money will be lowered.Unit2。 （Shanna）花了 30 元錢理發(fā)。使用機(jī)會(huì)成本的概念解釋為什么這一曲線是向外弓起的。在你的生產(chǎn)可能性邊界上找到鷹黨可能選擇的一個(gè)點(diǎn)和鴿黨可能選擇的一個(gè)點(diǎn)。 1 章討論的第一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理是人們面對(duì)權(quán)衡。在一小時(shí)內(nèi)：拉里可以割 1 塊草坪或洗 1 輛車；摩爾可以割 1 塊草坪或洗 2 輛車；克莉可以割 2 塊草坪或洗 1 輛車。（B） 所有三個(gè)人將一半的時(shí)間用于割草、一半時(shí)間用于洗車。 ？ d. 你在（a）部分計(jì)算的四個(gè)配置中，哪個(gè)（些）為無效率的配置？請(qǐng)解釋。 a positive statement It deals with how the economy i，not how it should be.there is a shortrun negative relationship between inflation and unemployment, the statement is a fact, thus it is a positive statement. The statement tells how the world is, and so it is a positive statement. It states an opinion about something that should be done, not how the world is. s a positive statement. the relationship between tax rates and work, as well as the relationship between tax rates and saving is negative in both cases. So the statement reflects how the world is, and is thus a positive statement.，你對(duì)你的經(jīng)濟(jì)顧問提出的實(shí)證性觀點(diǎn)還是規(guī)范性觀點(diǎn)更感興趣？為什么？ be interested in both, but probably be most interested in their positive views. Economists know many facts about the economy and the interaction of different sectors. So you would be most likely to call on them about questions of fact?positive analysis. president has to make the normative statements as to what should be done, with an eye to the political consequences. The n