【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 bottoms and shallow Vsections（ especially forward of amidships） that produce partial to nearly full dynamic support for light displacement vessels and small craft at higher speeds. Planing craft are generally restricted in size and displacement because of the required powertoweight ratio and the structural stresses associated with traveling at high speed in waves． Most planing craft are also restricted to operations in reasonably calm water， although some“deep V”hull forms are capable of operation in rough water． 水動(dòng)力支撐 依靠水動(dòng)力支撐的船也只有兩種類型。水動(dòng)力是靠專門設(shè)計(jì)的水動(dòng)力板在水面下做快速相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)而產(chǎn)生的。一個(gè)物理原理表明任何帶來(lái)不對(duì)稱流體的運(yùn)動(dòng)物體都會(huì)在垂直于運(yùn)動(dòng)的方向上產(chǎn)生一個(gè)升力。正像具有機(jī)翼的飛機(jī) 在空氣中運(yùn)動(dòng)能產(chǎn)生升力一樣，通過(guò)一個(gè)穿過(guò)水面的支柱而固定在水下的木翼，其水動(dòng)力可以支撐一般船舶離開水面。 滑行船體的特點(diǎn)是具有相對(duì)平坦的底部和淺 V 型剖面（特別是在船中前），高速航行時(shí)在局部可以為小排水量船和小型船提供足夠的水動(dòng)力支撐?；型У某叽缗c排水量一般都受限制，因?yàn)楣β手亓勘群驮诓ɡ酥泻叫挟a(chǎn)生的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)力大小都有要求。大多數(shù)滑行艇都要求在靜水中航行，盡管某些深 V 型船體具有在波浪中航行的能力。 (段禮倍 /馮寶財(cái) )Hydrostatic support Finally， there is the oldest and most reliable type of support， hydrostatic support． All ships， 最后，有最古老和最可靠的類型的支持，支持所有船舶靜水， boats， and primitive watercraft up to the twentieth century have depended upon the easily attained 和原始的船舶達(dá)第二十世紀(jì)都依賴于容易獲得水的浮力來(lái)操作。 buoyant force of water for their operation. This hydrostatic support， monly recognized as flotation， call be explained by a 這種液體靜壓支承，公認(rèn)的浮選，可以由一個(gè)基本的物理定律解釋說(shuō)， fundamental physical law that the ancient philosophermathematician Archimedes defined in the 在第二世紀(jì) 古代哲學(xué)家、數(shù)學(xué)家阿基米德定義指出， second century B． C． Archimedes?Principle states that a body immersed in a liquid is buoyed up 浸沒在液體中的身體的力等于被取代的液體的重量。 （ or acted upon） by a force equal to the weight of the liquid displaced． This principle applies to all 這一原理適用于所有的船浮動(dòng)（或淹沒）在水 鹽和新鮮。 vessels that float（ or submerge） in water—salt or fresh． And from this statement the name of the 從這一聲明在類船舶的名稱來(lái)源； ships in the category are derived； they are generally called displacement hulls． 他們一般稱為 排水型 船體。 Although this ship type is very familiar， its subcategories warrant special discussion． For 雖然該型船是非常熟悉的，它的子類需要特別討論。 example， in some vessels reasonably high speed must be bined with the ability to carry light 例如，在某些船相當(dāng)高的速度必須結(jié)合進(jìn)行輕貨物規(guī)劃船體特性來(lái)進(jìn)行修改， cargo or to move more fortably in rough water than a planing hull． Highspeed planning hull 以產(chǎn)生一個(gè)船體或船體的能力，使船更合適。 characteristics can be modified to produce a semidisplacement hull or semiplaning hull. These 這些妥協(xié)的工藝， promise craft， of course not as fast as fullplaning hulls but faster than conventional 當(dāng)然不一樣快但比常規(guī)位移全滑行艇船體更快， displacement hulls， must have more power and less weight than the latter． Such types are 要比后者有更多的力量和重量小。 obviously the result of “tradeoffs”． 這種類型的結(jié)果明顯“折衷” 。 The example cited above lies between clearcut physically defined categories—it is not a 上面提到的明確的物理定義的類別， good example of a variation of a true displacementtype ship． The latter must be recognized 它不是一個(gè)真正的排水變化類型船舶的一個(gè)很好的例子之間是例子。 primarily as a displacement vessel， and its variations depend primarily on the distribution of 后者必須承認(rèn)的是排水的容器， buoyant volume－ the extent of the depth and breadth of the hull below the water． 和它的變化主要取決于浮力體積－船體的水下的深度和廣度上的分布。 The most ubiquitous type of displacement ship can be generally classified as the mon 排水船舶最普遍的類型一般可分為共同的載體，海船。 carrier， a seagoing vessel． It may be employed for passenger service， light cargocarrying， fishing 它可用于客運(yùn)服務(wù)，輕型載貨，捕魚的拖網(wǎng)， by trawling， or for hundreds of other tasks that do not require exceptional capacity， speed， 或其他的任務(wù)，不需要特殊的能力，速度，或其他特殊性能。 submergence， or other special performance． It is the most mon and easily recognizable type of 它是最常見的容易辨認(rèn)的船型，與適合的排水，速度適中，中等大的長(zhǎng)度，和中度的能力。 ship， with moderate displacement， moderate speeds， moderate to large lengths， and moderate 中等大的長(zhǎng)度，和中度的能力。 capacities． It usually embodies the maximum in cruising range and seaworthiness． It is the “ship 它通常體現(xiàn)最大的巡航范圍和適航性。 for all seasons”． It is the standard to which all other ship classifications in the displacement 它是“四季船”。它是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的，在排水類的所有 其他船舶分類可稱。 category may be referred． The closest relative to this standard vessel， which plays a crucial role not only in world 最近的相對(duì)于這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 船 ，它起著至關(guān)重要的作用 merce but in the survival of the industrial world as well， is the bulk oil carrier， the tanker， 不僅在世界貿(mào)易而在 工業(yè)世界的生存一樣，是散裝油輪，油輪，或者超級(jí)油輪。 or supertanker． These terminologies are mon but unspecific， and in this discussion they are 這些術(shù)語(yǔ)常見但非特異性，并討論他們是不夠的， inadequate， for what was called a supertanker several years ago is today not a supertanker． The 幾年前油輪 在 今天不是一個(gè)超級(jí)油輪。 industry itself has created a far more explicit nomenclature． Based upon the index of 100,000 tons 該行業(yè)本身也創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)更明確的命名法。 oil cargo capacity, the size categories are LCC(Large Crude Carrier). VICC(Very Large Crude 根據(jù)原油 100000 噸的貨物的能 力指數(shù)，大小類別的 LCC（大型油輪）。 Carrier), and ULCC(Ultra Large Crude Carrier). Any tanker greater than 100,000 but less than VICC（巨型油輪），和超大型油輪（超大型油輪）。 200,000 tons is a LCC, those between 200,000 and 400,000 tons are VLCCs, and those over 任何油輪大于 100000 但小于 202000 噸 的 LCC，那些 202000 至 400000 噸的巨型油輪， 400,000 tons are ULCCs. The current necessity for these designations bees clear when we 和超過(guò) 400000 噸 ulccs。這些名稱目前的必要性變得清晰時(shí)， realize that before 1956 there were no tankers larger than 50,000 tons, and not until the early 我們意識(shí)到在 1956 之前沒有超過(guò) 50000 噸的油輪， sixties were any ships built larger than 100,000 tons. In 1968 the first ship over 300,000 tons was 直到 60 年代早期進(jìn)行的任何船舶建造超過(guò) 100000 噸。 1968 超過(guò) 300000 噸的第一艘船。 built. With their bulk and enormous capacity (four football fields can be placed end to end on one 他們的體積和巨大的容量（四足球 場(chǎng) 可以放置的端到端的一座）， of their decks),these ships are designed and built to be profitmakers, enormously long, wide, and 這些船的設(shè)計(jì)和建造的是利潤(rùn)， deep carrying thousa