【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 ld 公共管理領(lǐng)域的構(gòu)造 Public administration is sometimes treated as though it is one of the social sciences, a discipline in some sense. 公共管理有時(shí)被看做一門社會(huì)科學(xué)，某種意義上的一門學(xué)科。 As the number of programs offering doctoral degrees in the field has increased, this interpretation has gained strength. 隨著該領(lǐng)域授予博士學(xué)位的課程 不斷增多，這種觀點(diǎn)也在加強(qiáng)。 In the United States, it is relatively unusual for public administration to be a freestanding degree program at the baccalaureate level (though there are some wellestablished and prestigious programs of this sort—especially in schools of public affairs, schools of management, or schools of public administration —and this approach may be on the increase). 在美國，在學(xué)士階段把公共管理設(shè)立為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的學(xué)位課程，相對(duì)而言并不常見（雖然有 一些 成熟的、聲譽(yù)良好的這類課裎，而且這種做法越來越被認(rèn)同，特別是在公共事務(wù)學(xué)院、管理學(xué)院或 者公共管理學(xué)院 )。 The more traditional and still usual pattern is for baccalaureate education in public administration to be a major or minor specialization within a political science degree program. 一種更為傳統(tǒng)和常見的模式是，在學(xué) 士教育階段把公共管理設(shè)為政治科學(xué)學(xué)士 學(xué)位課程里的一個(gè)主要或次要專業(yè)。 Masterlevel degrees are increasingly emphasized as desirable or expected credentials for full mitment to professional careers in many fields (., not only in business administration and public administration, but also in fields such as social work, nursing, and education where the appropriate degree for professional entry was once the baccalaureate), and the master’s degree—usually, but not always, the master of public administration (MPA)—is being the recognized degree for those who aspire to careers in public administration. 在許多領(lǐng)域，碩士學(xué)位越來越被認(rèn)為是投身職業(yè)生涯的理想資格（不僅在商業(yè)管理和公共管理領(lǐng)域，而且在其他一些領(lǐng)域，例如教育、社會(huì)工作、護(hù)理以及其他一些職業(yè)門檻過去僅為學(xué)士的領(lǐng)域），在通常情況下，對(duì)那些渴望從事公共管理的人來說，碩士學(xué)位成為一種認(rèn)可的學(xué)位。 It should be remembered, though, that public anizations and activities cover virtually the whole spectrum of contemporary specialities and that the educational background and specialties of public administrators therefore reflect this diversity. 但是，應(yīng)該注意的是，公共組織和活動(dòng)實(shí)際上包括了當(dāng)代的各種專業(yè)，而公共管理者的教育背景和專業(yè)實(shí)際上是反映了這種多樣性。 As modern and contemporary public administration evolved, it tended to develop a more or less regular set of subfields, approaches, and topical interests. 隨著現(xiàn)代和當(dāng)代公共管理的發(fā)展，公共管理趨向于發(fā)展一些比較正規(guī)的子域、方法和主題。 These generally have to do either with the functional and technical specializations of public administration, with specific methods and approaches, or with the phenomena of specific locales and issue areas of public administration. 這些東西或者與公共管理的職能和技術(shù)領(lǐng)域有關(guān)，與其具體方法和途徑有關(guān)，或者與公共管理的具體場(chǎng)所和問題領(lǐng)域的現(xiàn)象有關(guān)。 Thus, public administration has some subfields which deal with concerns which, in one form or another have been part of the field since is earliest days. 因此，公共管理有一些子域，這些子域所關(guān)注的問題自公共管理早期就以各種形式成為該領(lǐng)域的一部分。 Budget and finance (how to provide, handle, and account for material resources), personnel (the policies and management of human resources), planning, operations management, anizational design and management, munications and munication systems, recordkeeping, accounting of various kinds, reporting of various kinds and for a variety of purposes and clientele, internal and external public relations, and a host of similar concerns constitute some of the technical and functional foci of the field. 預(yù)算和財(cái)政 (如何提供、處理、核算物質(zhì)資源）、人事（人力資源政策和管理 )、計(jì)劃、 運(yùn)營管理、組織設(shè)計(jì)和管理、通信和通信系統(tǒng)、記錄保存、各種記賬、各種報(bào)告、內(nèi)部和外部公共關(guān)系，以及其他一些相似方面共同構(gòu)成公共管理領(lǐng)域的某些技術(shù)和功能焦點(diǎn)。 In additional, there are various concerns dealing with the environment and context of administration: the constitutional and legal context。 the context of the political, economic, and societal structure, requirements, and processes。 the values, history, traditions, and habits of the society and its ponents。 the values, history, requirements, and processes of the anizations, programs, and ponents of specific relevance at any given time。 and many other such factors (as well as their interrelationships). 除此之外，蓽有各種 涉及管理環(huán)境的關(guān)注：憲法和法律環(huán)境、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)、要求和程序環(huán)境；社會(huì)及其組成部分的價(jià)值、歷史、傳統(tǒng)和習(xí)慣；任何特定時(shí)期組織、項(xiàng)目和特定相關(guān)成分的價(jià)值、歷史、要求和程卑 。以及許多其他這樣的因素（還有它們之間的相互關(guān)系）。 There are also specializations and foci having to do with the specific form and level at which administration occurs: international administration。 national administration。 federal/confederal administration。 state/province administration。 district/department /sector administration。 city, county, and local administration。 intergovernmental and interanizational administration。 ‖not for profit‖ administration。 and so forth. Issue areas present other topics and specializations: police, fire, schools, military, medical, environmental, technology and technology transfer, science and scientific applications, governmentbusinessindustry cooperation, and a host of other specific concerns spawn specializations of knowledge, application, training, an experience. 此外，還出現(xiàn)了一些涉及具體形式和管理水平的專業(yè)領(lǐng)域和焦點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域：國際管理、國家管理 . 聯(lián)邦或邦聯(lián)管理、州或省的管理、地區(qū)或部門的管理、城市縣郡和地區(qū)管理、政府間管理、組織間管理、非營利管理等等。問題領(lǐng)域呈現(xiàn)了其他話題和專門化：警察、消防、學(xué)校、軍事、醫(yī)藥、環(huán)保、技 術(shù)和技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓、科學(xué)和科學(xué)應(yīng)用、政府一商業(yè)一工業(yè)合作等，而且許多其他特殊關(guān)注造成了 知識(shí)、應(yīng)用、培訓(xùn)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的專門化。 When one realizes that all these (and many more) can be viewed as ponents of a huge matrix where any one (or more) can be related to any other one (one more), the plexity and variety of the field of public administration is suggested. 在人們認(rèn)識(shí)到所有這些（和更多）東西可以被看做一個(gè)巨大矩陣的組成部分而且在這個(gè)矩陣中任何一個(gè)（或更多的）組成部分可以與其他（或更多的）組成部分發(fā)生聯(lián)系的時(shí)候，那么公共管理 領(lǐng)域的復(fù)雜性和多樣性便由此可見一斑了。 Unit 2 The Practice of Public Administration Text A The Rise of the American Administrative State 美國行政 國家的崛起 Today, there are perhaps 15 million civilian public employees in the United States. 現(xiàn)今，美國也許有 1 500 萬公共管理人員。 The growth of this number in the twentieth century and the development of large administrative ponents in governments at all levels are generally referred to as the ―rise of the administrative state‖. 通常，我們把 20 世紀(jì)公共管理人員數(shù)量的增長(zhǎng)和 各級(jí)政府中大型管理部門的發(fā)展稱為“行政國家的崛起”。 The term administrative state is intended to convey several realities of contemporary gover