【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 度的那些人中，這一策略頗受歡迎。 This strategy is always popular among those who have no patience with the tedious working of the democratic process or who believe that basic institutions can only be changed by force. 它吸引了每一代年輕人中那些更為活躍和更具理想主義的人。 It attracts some of the more active and idealistic young people of every generation. 對他們來說，這種策略具有浪漫的吸引力，通常以某位魅力非凡且令人振奮的人物為其象征。 To them it offers a romantic appeal, usually symbolized by some dashing and charismatic figure. 這一策略簡單明了并具有更大的吸引力：“既然這個社會已經(jīng)無可救藥，那就讓我們砸碎它，在它的廢墟上面建一個更好的社會?！?It has the even greater appeal of simplicity: “Since this society is hopelessly bad, let’s smash it and build something better on the ruins.” 我最好的朋友中有些是革命者，他們中的一些人過得相當滿足。 Some of my best friends have been revolutionists, and a few of them have led reasonably satisfying lives. 這部分人其實是那些革命并未成功的人，他們可以繼續(xù)興高采烈地策劃大屠殺，直至老態(tài)龍鐘。 These are the ones whose revolutions did not e off。 they have been able to keep on cheerfully plotting their holocausts right into their senescence. 另外一些人年紀輕輕就死了，死在監(jiān)獄里或街壘旁。 Others died young, in prison or on the barricades. 但最不幸的是那些革命成功的人。 But the most unfortunate are those whose revolutions have succeeded. 他們極度失望，看到他們推翻的權力機構又被新機構所替代，而新機構依舊是那樣冷酷，那樣毫無生機。 They lived in bitter disillusionment, to see the establishment they had overthrown replaced by a new one, just as hardfaced and stuffy. 當然，我并不是說革命一無所成。 I am not, of course, suggesting that revolutions acplish nothing. 一些革命（美國革命，法國革命）確實將事情變得越來越好。 Some (The American Revolution, the French Revolution) clearly do change things for the better. 我只是想說革命無論成敗，那些策劃革命的革命者們都注定要失望。 My point is merely that the idealists who make the revolution are bound to be disappointed in either case. 因為勝利的曙光無論如何也不會照耀在他們夢想中的那個擺脫了人類一切卑劣的燦爛的新世界上。 For at best their victory never dawns on the shining new world they had dreamed of, cleansed of all human meanness. 相反，它照在了一個熟悉的平庸的地方，這個地方仍舊需要食品雜貨和污水排放。 Instead it dawns on a familiar, workaday place, still in need of groceries and sewage disposal. 無論貼著什么樣的政治標簽，革命后的國家都不是由激進的浪漫主義者來治理，而是由市場營銷、衛(wèi)生工程和管理官僚機構的專家來治理。 The revolutionary state, under whatever political label, has to be runnot by violent romanticsbut by experts in marketing, sanitary engineering, and the management of bureaucracies. 對一些決心改造社會，但同時又希望能找到一種比武裝革命更可行的方法的理想主義者來說，還有另外一種選擇。 For the idealists who are determined to remake society, but who seek a more practical method than armed revolution, there remains one more alternative. 4）循序漸進，逐步改變社會 Try to Change the World Gradually, One Clod at a Time 乍一看，這一途徑毫無吸引力。 At first glance, this course is far from inviting. 它缺乏魅力，并且見效很慢。 It lacks glamour. It promises no quick results. 它依靠勸說和民主決策這些令人惱火且不可靠的方法來實現(xiàn)。 It depends on the exasperating and uncertain instruments of persuasion and democratic decision making. 它需要耐心，可我們卻總是缺乏耐心。 It demands patience, always in short supply. 它惟一的好處是有時這方法行得通——在這個特定的時間和地點，它比其他的任何策略都更有可能制止世界上的某些惡行。 About all that can be said for it is that it sometimes works – that in this particular time and place it offers a better chance for remedying some of the world’s outrages than any other available strategy. 至少歷史事實似乎證明了這一點。 So at least the historical evidence seems to suggest. 我大學畢業(yè)的時候，我們這一代人也發(fā)現(xiàn)世界亂得一團糟。 When I was graduating from college, my generation also found the world in a mess. 幾乎所有地方的經(jīng)濟機構都已崩潰，在美國幾乎四分之一的人口失業(yè)。 The economic machinery had broken down almost everywhere: In this country nearly a quarter of the population was out of work. 一場大戰(zhàn)似乎在所難免。 A major was seemed all too likely. 當時作為校報編輯，對這些我曾經(jīng)猛烈地抗議過，像今天的學生積極分子一樣。 As a college newspaper editor at that time, I protested against this just as vehemently as student activists are protesting today. 與此同時，我們這一代人漸漸發(fā)現(xiàn)改造世界有點像在亞平寧山區(qū)打仗一樣。你剛剛占領一條山脈，另一條山脈又在前方隱現(xiàn)。 At the same time, my generation was discovering that reforming the world is a little like fighting a military campaign in the Apennines, as soon as you capture one mountain range, another one looms just ahead. 當20世紀30年代的大問題剛剛勉強得到控制，新的問題又出現(xiàn)了——富足社會中出現(xiàn)的嶄新問題，如種族平等，保證城市環(huán)境適于居住，應付各種陌生偽裝下的戰(zhàn)爭等等。 As the big problems of the thirties were brought under some kind of rough control, new problems took their place – the unprecedented problems of an, affluent society, of racial justice, of keeping our cities from being uninhabitable, of coping with war in unfamiliar guises. 最令人不安的是我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了人口爆炸這一問題。 Most disturbing of all was our discovery of the population explosion. 我們突然意識到我們這艘載人小飛船上的乘客數(shù)目大約每40年翻一倍。 It dawned on us rather suddenly that the number of passengers on the small spaceship we inhabit is doubling about every forty years. 只要地球上的人口持續(xù)地按這個可怕的速度增長，其他所有問題都將無法解決。 So long as the earth’s population keeps growing at this cancerous rate, all of the other problems appear virtually insoluble. 我們的城市會變得越來越擁擠，景色會變得更加雜亂，空氣和水也會變得愈發(fā)骯臟。 Our cities will continue to bee more crowded and noisome. The landscape will get more cluttered, the air and water even dirtier. 所有人的生活質(zhì)量都會不斷惡化。 The quality of life is likely to bee steadily worse for everybody. 如果過多的人必須為了爭奪日益減少的食物份額和生存空間而爭斗的話，戰(zhàn)爭的升級看來是無法避免的。 And warfare on a rising scale seems inevitable if too many bodies have to struggle for everdwindling shares of food and living space. 因此吉姆?賓司這代人要承擔一項艱巨的任務。 So Jim Binns’ generation has a formidable job on its hands. 但我認為這并不是無法克服的困難。 But not, I think, an insuperable one. 過去的事實證明，處理這項艱巨任務完全可采用以前解決困難問外時使用的方法——從實際效果出發(fā)，一點一滴，通過大家不懈的努力來完成。 On the evidence of the past, it can be handled in the same way that hard problems have been coped with beforepiecemeal, pragmatically, by the dogged efforts of many people. 使用暴力 Lesson Three The Use of Force 他們是我的新病人，我所知道的只有名字，奧爾遜。 They were new patients to me, all I had was the name, Olson. 請您盡快趕來，我女兒病得很重。 “Please e down as soon as you can, my daughter is very sick.” 當我到達時，孩子的母親迎接了我，這是一位看上去驚恐不安的婦人，衣著整潔卻一臉憂傷的神色她只是說，這位就是醫(yī)生嗎？ When I arrived I was met by the mother, a big startled looking woman, very clean and apologetic who merely said, Is t