【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 度的那些人中，這一策略頗受歡迎。 This strategy is always popular among those who have no patience with the tedious working of the democratic process or who believe that basic institutions can only be changed by force. 它吸引了每一代年輕人中那些更為活躍和更具理想主義的人。 It attracts some of the more active and idealistic young people of every generation. 對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)，這種策略具有浪漫的吸引力，通常以某位魅力非凡且令人振奮的人物為其象征。 To them it offers a romantic appeal, usually symbolized by some dashing and charismatic figure. 這一策略簡(jiǎn)單明了并具有更大的吸引力：“既然這個(gè)社會(huì)已經(jīng)無(wú)可救藥，那就讓我們?cè)宜樗谒膹U墟上面建一個(gè)更好的社會(huì)?！?It has the even greater appeal of simplicity: “Since this society is hopelessly bad, let’s smash it and build something better on the ruins.” 我最好的朋友中有些是革命者，他們中的一些人過(guò)得相當(dāng)滿足。 Some of my best friends have been revolutionists, and a few of them have led reasonably satisfying lives. 這部分人其實(shí)是那些革命并未成功的人，他們可以繼續(xù)興高采烈地策劃大屠殺，直至老態(tài)龍鐘。 These are the ones whose revolutions did not e off。 they have been able to keep on cheerfully plotting their holocausts right into their senescence. 另外一些人年紀(jì)輕輕就死了，死在監(jiān)獄里或街壘旁。 Others died young, in prison or on the barricades. 但最不幸的是那些革命成功的人。 But the most unfortunate are those whose revolutions have succeeded. 他們極度失望，看到他們推翻的權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)又被新機(jī)構(gòu)所替代，而新機(jī)構(gòu)依舊是那樣冷酷，那樣毫無(wú)生機(jī)。 They lived in bitter disillusionment, to see the establishment they had overthrown replaced by a new one, just as hardfaced and stuffy. 當(dāng)然，我并不是說(shuō)革命一無(wú)所成。 I am not, of course, suggesting that revolutions acplish nothing. 一些革命（美國(guó)革命，法國(guó)革命）確實(shí)將事情變得越來(lái)越好。 Some (The American Revolution, the French Revolution) clearly do change things for the better. 我只是想說(shuō)革命無(wú)論成敗，那些策劃革命的革命者們都注定要失望。 My point is merely that the idealists who make the revolution are bound to be disappointed in either case. 因?yàn)閯倮氖锕鉄o(wú)論如何也不會(huì)照耀在他們夢(mèng)想中的那個(gè)擺脫了人類一切卑劣的燦爛的新世界上。 For at best their victory never dawns on the shining new world they had dreamed of, cleansed of all human meanness. 相反，它照在了一個(gè)熟悉的平庸的地方，這個(gè)地方仍舊需要食品雜貨和污水排放。 Instead it dawns on a familiar, workaday place, still in need of groceries and sewage disposal. 無(wú)論貼著什么樣的政治標(biāo)簽，革命后的國(guó)家都不是由激進(jìn)的浪漫主義者來(lái)治理，而是由市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷、衛(wèi)生工程和管理官僚機(jī)構(gòu)的專家來(lái)治理。 The revolutionary state, under whatever political label, has to be runnot by violent romanticsbut by experts in marketing, sanitary engineering, and the management of bureaucracies. 對(duì)一些決心改造社會(huì)，但同時(shí)又希望能找到一種比武裝革命更可行的方法的理想主義者來(lái)說(shuō)，還有另外一種選擇。 For the idealists who are determined to remake society, but who seek a more practical method than armed revolution, there remains one more alternative. 4）循序漸進(jìn)，逐步改變社會(huì) Try to Change the World Gradually, One Clod at a Time 乍一看，這一途徑毫無(wú)吸引力。 At first glance, this course is far from inviting. 它缺乏魅力，并且見效很慢。 It lacks glamour. It promises no quick results. 它依靠勸說(shuō)和民主決策這些令人惱火且不可靠的方法來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。 It depends on the exasperating and uncertain instruments of persuasion and democratic decision making. 它需要耐心，可我們卻總是缺乏耐心。 It demands patience, always in short supply. 它惟一的好處是有時(shí)這方法行得通——在這個(gè)特定的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)，它比其他的任何策略都更有可能制止世界上的某些惡行。 About all that can be said for it is that it sometimes works – that in this particular time and place it offers a better chance for remedying some of the world’s outrages than any other available strategy. 至少歷史事實(shí)似乎證明了這一點(diǎn)。 So at least the historical evidence seems to suggest. 我大學(xué)畢業(yè)的時(shí)候，我們這一代人也發(fā)現(xiàn)世界亂得一團(tuán)糟。 When I was graduating from college, my generation also found the world in a mess. 幾乎所有地方的經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)都已崩潰，在美國(guó)幾乎四分之一的人口失業(yè)。 The economic machinery had broken down almost everywhere: In this country nearly a quarter of the population was out of work. 一場(chǎng)大戰(zhàn)似乎在所難免。 A major was seemed all too likely. 當(dāng)時(shí)作為校報(bào)編輯，對(duì)這些我曾經(jīng)猛烈地抗議過(guò)，像今天的學(xué)生積極分子一樣。 As a college newspaper editor at that time, I protested against this just as vehemently as student activists are protesting today. 與此同時(shí)，我們這一代人漸漸發(fā)現(xiàn)改造世界有點(diǎn)像在亞平寧山區(qū)打仗一樣。你剛剛占領(lǐng)一條山脈，另一條山脈又在前方隱現(xiàn)。 At the same time, my generation was discovering that reforming the world is a little like fighting a military campaign in the Apennines, as soon as you capture one mountain range, another one looms just ahead. 當(dāng)20世紀(jì)30年代的大問(wèn)題剛剛勉強(qiáng)得到控制，新的問(wèn)題又出現(xiàn)了——富足社會(huì)中出現(xiàn)的嶄新問(wèn)題，如種族平等，保證城市環(huán)境適于居住，應(yīng)付各種陌生偽裝下的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)等等。 As the big problems of the thirties were brought under some kind of rough control, new problems took their place – the unprecedented problems of an, affluent society, of racial justice, of keeping our cities from being uninhabitable, of coping with war in unfamiliar guises. 最令人不安的是我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了人口爆炸這一問(wèn)題。 Most disturbing of all was our discovery of the population explosion. 我們突然意識(shí)到我們這艘載人小飛船上的乘客數(shù)目大約每40年翻一倍。 It dawned on us rather suddenly that the number of passengers on the small spaceship we inhabit is doubling about every forty years. 只要地球上的人口持續(xù)地按這個(gè)可怕的速度增長(zhǎng)，其他所有問(wèn)題都將無(wú)法解決。 So long as the earth’s population keeps growing at this cancerous rate, all of the other problems appear virtually insoluble. 我們的城市會(huì)變得越來(lái)越擁擠，景色會(huì)變得更加雜亂，空氣和水也會(huì)變得愈發(fā)骯臟。 Our cities will continue to bee more crowded and noisome. The landscape will get more cluttered, the air and water even dirtier. 所有人的生活質(zhì)量都會(huì)不斷惡化。 The quality of life is likely to bee steadily worse for everybody. 如果過(guò)多的人必須為了爭(zhēng)奪日益減少的食物份額和生存空間而爭(zhēng)斗的話，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的升級(jí)看來(lái)是無(wú)法避免的。 And warfare on a rising scale seems inevitable if too many bodies have to struggle for everdwindling shares of food and living space. 因此吉姆?賓司這代人要承擔(dān)一項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)。 So Jim Binns’ generation has a formidable job on its hands. 但我認(rèn)為這并不是無(wú)法克服的困難。 But not, I think, an insuperable one. 過(guò)去的事實(shí)證明，處理這項(xiàng)艱巨任務(wù)完全可采用以前解決困難問(wèn)外時(shí)使用的方法——從實(shí)際效果出發(fā)，一點(diǎn)一滴，通過(guò)大家不懈的努力來(lái)完成。 On the evidence of the past, it can be handled in the same way that hard problems have been coped with beforepiecemeal, pragmatically, by the dogged efforts of many people. 使用暴力 Lesson Three The Use of Force 他們是我的新病人，我所知道的只有名字，奧爾遜。 They were new patients to me, all I had was the name, Olson. 請(qǐng)您盡快趕來(lái)，我女兒病得很重。 “Please e down as soon as you can, my daughter is very sick.” 當(dāng)我到達(dá)時(shí)，孩子的母親迎接了我，這是一位看上去驚恐不安的婦人，衣著整潔卻一臉憂傷的神色她只是說(shuō)，這位就是醫(yī)生嗎？ When I arrived I was met by the mother, a big startled looking woman, very clean and apologetic who merely said, Is t