【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 sum of money to someone.4．即期付款交單要求進(jìn)口商立即付款以取得單據(jù)。 D/P at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents.5．就出口商而言，即期付款交單比遠(yuǎn)期付款交單有利，付款交單比承兌交單有利。 So far as the exporter’s interest is concerned, D/P at sight is more favourable than D/P after sight, and D/P is more favourable than D/A.Lesson 11 1. 在國際貿(mào)易中幾乎不可能使付款和實際交貨同時進(jìn)行。In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with physical delivery of the goods.2. 信用證付款方式對買賣雙方都提供保障。Payment by means of letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer.3. 現(xiàn)代信用證在19世紀(jì)后半葉開始采用，第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后得到了實質(zhì)性的發(fā)展。Modern credits were introduced in the second half of the 19th century and had substantial development after the First World War.4. 要么因為信用證金額過大，要么因為對開證行不完全信任，出口商有時可能需要保兌的信用證。Sometimes the exporter may require a confirmed letter of credit either because the credit mount is too large, or because he does not fully trust the opening bank.5. 信用證的形式、長短、語言和規(guī)定各不相同。Letters of credit are varied in form, length, language, and stipulations.Lesson 12 * 1. 信用證按其作用、形式和機制分作不同的種類。Letters of credit are classified into different types according to their function, form, and mechanism.Letters of credit fall under several categories depending on their function, form and mechanism.2. 光票信用證主要用于非貿(mào)易結(jié)算，而在商品貿(mào)易中一般使用跟單信用證付款。Clean letters of credit are mainly used in nontrade sentiment,while documentary credits are generally used in Commodity trade.Clean credit is generally used in nontrade settlement or in payment in advance by means of the L/C.3. 在即期信用證情況下，提示匯票和正確無誤的單據(jù)后便立即付款。In the case of sight credits, payment can be made a promptly upon presentation of draft and impeccable, shipping documents.Under a sight credit, payment is made upon presentation of the draft and impeccable documents.4. 遠(yuǎn)期信用證顯然要使用遠(yuǎn)期匯票。付款期限可為30天、60天甚至可長達(dá)180天。A usance credit obviously calls for a time draft, and the usance varies from 30, 60,to as long as 180 days.A sight credit calls for a sight draft. The usance varies from 30, 60, 90 days to as long as 180 days.5. 如果信用證可以由原受益人轉(zhuǎn)讓給另一個或幾個人，那么這種信用證即為可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證。原受益人稱作第一受益人，接受轉(zhuǎn)讓的人稱作第二受益人。A letter of credit,is called transferable if it can be transferred by its original beneficial to one or more original beneficiary is called the first beneficiary, and the party the credits is transferred to is called the second beneficiary.If a credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties, it is a transferable credit. The original beneficiary is called the first beneficiary and the party the credit is transferred to is called the second beneficiary.6. 對于一筆具體交易來說，信用證不一定是最理想的付款方式。締約雙方應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況作出最好的選擇。The letter of credit may not be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transaction, and the contracting parties should make their best choice according to the specific conditions.Lesson 13 * 1. 在國際貿(mào)易中使用正確的單據(jù)很重要，否則進(jìn)口商提貨時會遇到困難。It39。s very important to use correct documents in international trade, otherwise the importer will have difficulties in taking delivery of the goods.The use of correct documents is very important in international trade, or the importer will have difficulties in taking delivery of the goods.2． 商業(yè)發(fā)票，一般稱“發(fā)票”，這種單據(jù)對貨物的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量以及單價和總價進(jìn)行概括性描述。The mercial invoice, generally called the invoice makes general description of the quality, quantity, unit price, and total value of the goods. The mercial invoice is generally called “the invoice”, this document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price.3． 貨物在運輸過程中可能發(fā)生風(fēng)險損失，需要辦理貨物保險。 It is necessary to insure the goods against the possible risks they are exposed to in the course of transportation.4． 已裝船提單表明貨明已實際裝上開往目的港的承運船只。 An on board bill of lading indicates that the shipment has been actually loaded on the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination.5． 清潔提單指貨物在表面狀況良好的情況下裝船，這意味著提單上未加任何有關(guān)包裝或貨物外表不良的批注。 A clean bill of lading is one which states that the goods have been shipped in apparent good order and condition, which means it is devoid of any qualifying remarks about the packing and the outer appearance of the goods. Lesson 14 1．毫無疑問，一個沒有先進(jìn)的運輸系統(tǒng)的社會仍然是一個原始落后的社會。 There is no doubt that a society without an advanced transportation system remains primitive.2．這些方式在運作特點和性能方面不同，從而使它們各有比較優(yōu)勢和劣勢。五種運輸方式分別是：水路、鐵路、公路、管道及航空。 The modes differ in terms of operation characteristics and capabilities, giving them parative advantages and disadvantages. The five major modes are water, rail, truck, pipeline and air.3．過去10年，公司自己提供運輸能力的傾向越來越大。 The past decade has seen