【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 divided into exophora or exophoric reference, ., situational reference and endophora, ., textual reference. And in endophora, we have anaphora to refer to preceding text and cataphora to refer to following text. According to Halliday amp。 Hason (1976), only endophoric reference is cohesive because exophoric reference contributes to the creation of text, in that it links the language with the context of situation。 but it does not contribute to the integration of one passage with another so that the two together form part of the same text. Personal ReferencePersonal reference is reference by means of function in the speech situation, through the category of person. The category of personals includes the three classes of personal pronouns, possessive determiners and possessive pronouns. (3) If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author。 try to bee him. Be his fellowwork and acplice. If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, then signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other. Version 1：如果我們讀書時(shí)能拋棄我們的這些成見，那將是一個(gè)可貴的開端。對(duì)你的作者不要指手畫腳，而應(yīng)該努力站在作者的立場上，設(shè)想自己與作者共同創(chuàng)作。假如你退縮不前，有所保留，并且一開始就批評(píng)指責(zé)，你就在妨礙你自己從你所讀的書中得到最大的益處。然而，如果你能盡量敞開思想，那么，書中開頭幾句迂回曲折的話里所包含的幾乎難以覺察的細(xì)微的跡象和暗示，就會(huì)把你引到一個(gè)與眾不同的人物面前去。Version 2：如果我們在讀書時(shí)能摒棄這些成見，那就會(huì)是閱讀的良好起點(diǎn)。不要對(duì)作者發(fā)號(hào)施令，而應(yīng)該試著去設(shè)身處地替他設(shè)想，與他合作，同他共謀。如果你一開始便卻步矜持，有所保留，動(dòng)輒挑剔，那么書中可能蘊(yùn)含的精義，便無法充分領(lǐng)略了。而如果敞開心胸，虛懷若谷，透過開篇迂回曲折的字里行間，領(lǐng)略到那細(xì)膩微妙、幾乎難以覺察到的跡象與暗示，那一與眾不同的人便展現(xiàn)在我們面前了。 (4) 得病以前，我受父母寵愛，在家中橫行霸道，一旦隔離，拘禁在花園山坡上一幢小房子里，我頓感打入冷宮，十分郁郁不得志起來。一個(gè)春天的晚上，園中百花怒放，父母在園中設(shè)宴，一時(shí)賓客云集，笑語四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗簾，窺見園中大千世界，一片繁華，自己的哥姐，堂表兄弟，也穿插其間，個(gè)個(gè)喜氣洋洋。一霎時(shí)，一陣被人摒棄，為世界所遺的悲憤兜上心頭，禁不住痛哭起來。Version 1: before I fell ill, I had been spoiled by father and mother and playing the bully in the family. Once I was isolated in a small house on the slop of the garden, I felt disfavored and depressed immediately. One spring evening when hundreds of flowers were blooming in profusion, father and mother held a garden party in honor of many guests, whose arrival at once filled the place with laughing chats. In the small house on the slope, I quietly lifted the curtain, only to be met by a great and prosperous world with brothers and sisters and cousins among the guests, all in jubilation. All at once, seized by a sense of being forgotten, I could not help bursting into tears.Version 2: Before I was ill, I had been a spoiled child of my parents, getting things my way in the family. Once isolated and confined to a small house on the slope of the garden, I suddenly found myself in disfavor ad felt a bitterness of depression and frustration. One spring evening, my parents gave a banquet in the garden where a profusion of flowers were in full bloom. In no time, crowd of their guests collected and daughter was heard all over there. In the small house on the slope, I quietly lifted the curtain, only to find the bustle of a kaleidoscopic world down in the garden, and my elder brothers and sisters and my cousins were shutting among the guests, each full of joy. All at once, seized by a fit of forlorn rage, I could not help bursting into tears. Comment: The source language of example (3) uses “him” and “his” to refer to “the author” and uses “your”, “yourself” and “you” to refer to the reader, which shows the cohesion of English. However, Chinese is a concise language and we do not use so many personal reference. Version 1 translates all this words word for word, for example, “我們的這些成見”, “你的作者” and “妨礙你自己從你所讀的書中”, which is not the traditional way of Chinese. Version 2 ellipses some personal references according to the Chinese. The source language of example 4 is very loose. Except for ellipsing a lot personal references, it also has sentences without subject, for example, the last sentence. However, Chinese reader can understand all these sentences. In English discourse, the personal pronouns, possessive determiners and possessive pronouns can not be ellipsed. So, when doing Chinese into English translation, the translator should represent these elements which may be implied in Chinese. Version 1 follows the structure of Chinese and ellipses some possessive determiners and possessive pronouns, for example, (my) father and mother, (my) brothers, (my) sisters, and (my) cousins, which is not suitable for English. Version 2 notices this differences and does a good job in translation.From the above examples we can conclude that both Chinese and English have personal references, but the frequency of references used in English is more than that in Chinese. So, when doing CE translation, we should dig out the implied references and show it in the target language, and vise versa. Demonstrative Reference Demonstrative reference is reference by means of location, on a scale of proximity. “This” and “that” are singular form of participant and “these” and “those” are the plural form. Example (5): I could not imagine how this curious thing had happened: for I knew one thing, for a dead certainty,that a certain amount of pride always goes along with a teaspoonful of brains, and that this pride protects a man from deliberately stealing other people’s ideas.Version 1: 我實(shí)在不能想象為什么會(huì)有那種怪事發(fā)生。因?yàn)槲抑溃椅阌怪靡傻目隙ǎ河幸稽c(diǎn)腦袋的人都會(huì)有自尊，正是那一點(diǎn)使人不犯剽竊他人思想的錯(cuò)誤。Version 2：我當(dāng)時(shí)簡直想象不出怎么會(huì)發(fā)生這種怪事：因?yàn)槲抑酪稽c(diǎn)，絕對(duì)毋庸置疑的一點(diǎn)，那就是，一個(gè)人若有一茶匙頭腦，便會(huì)有一分傲氣。這份傲氣保護(hù)著他，使他不致有意剽竊別人的思想。 Example (6): 我每天上班第一件事就是幫她擦桌子，然后為她泡上一杯她喜歡喝的綠茶。她的胃不好，我經(jīng)常備些胃藥放在她的桌上。一開始她不知道是我做的這些事情，時(shí)間長了就知道了。就這么簡單。Version 1: The first thing I did every morning after I arrived at the office was to clean her desk and prepare a cup of green tea which she likes. She had a weak stomach, so I also prepared some medicine for stomach on her desk. At the very beginning, she did not know who did these things