【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 he Knowledge Resources (KR): language (LA), narrative strategy (NS), target (TA), situation (SI), and logical mechanism (LM). It greatly improves linguistic research on humor.II Functional equivalence What is functional equivalence?Based on theory and practice of translation for years, Nida published Toward a Science of Translating in 1964 and firstly put forward the view of dynamic equivalence. In the book, he mentioned that there were mainly two directions of translation: formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. The formal equivalence translation basically focuses on the source message and tries to maintain the characteristics of the source language. Translators in the formal equivalence translation always match the target language as closely as possible to the source language. In contrast with formal equivalence, the dynamic equivalence focuses attention not so much on the source message but on the receptors` responses. It does not concern so much whether the form of source language is equal to that of target language, but insists that the effect of source message to the original receptor should be substantially the same as that of translated message to the target receptor. Nida describes the definition of dynamicequivalence translation as “the closet、natural and equivalent to the sourcelanguage message”[3] P166. The equivalent is related to the message of source language。 the natural is related to the target language。 the closet is related to the highest degree of approximation. Later, he put forward the concept of functional equivalence replacing the dynamic equivalence in order to make the meaning clearer and avoid misunderstanding. Connotation of functional equivalence The functional equivalence insists that ideal translation should be the reproduction of the message of original language in the target language from meaning to type by a closest, natural and equivalent way. It concerns that “the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message” [3] P159. And it takes this point as a criterion to judge if one translated text is a good work.According to Nida, although each language has its own characters and is very different from other languages especially in form, they have the equal capacity of expression. That provides the possibility to take advantage of functional equivalence. Through the functional equivalence, translators can reserve meanings and contents of original text in maximum by changing its form more or less. Nida also thinks that the principal mission of translation is to convey the meanings and contents of original text. Meanwhile Nida suggests that under that premise, translators must try to reserve the form of original text. It means that meaning and content should have precedence over form. It can be also described as that the functional equivalence has precedence over formal equivalence. But the point of functional equivalence is the equity, exactly can be described as the closest proximity, not the mathematical meaning of identity. Nida suggests that functional equivalence has two levels: the minimal functional equivalence and the maximal functional equivalence. The minimal is “the readers of a translated text should be able to prehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it”[1] P87 and the maximal is “the readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manners as the original readers did”[1] P87. The translated text that less than the minimal degree is unacceptable. Although the maximal degree is rarely to be achieved, it is the most ideal translation and should be the aim of all translators. Principles of functional equivalenceLanguages are different from each other and each language has its own characters that reflect the culture of its nation. There can not be any two languages are entirely equal both in form and content. So the translation of meaning and content must be considered primarily in order to achieve the effect of functional equivalence. Then the form adjustment of original text must be necessary. But it must be appropriate and limited. According to Nida, principles of adjustment can be summarized as follows,1. When a close, formal translation may cause a misunderstanding of the designative meaning, the form of the translated text must be changed to a certain extent. In some situation, translator can retain the literal translation and meanwhile add a footnote explaining the likely misunderstanding. One ordinary example is that Chinese always use those greeting words, such as “吃過了嗎?” “到哪去?” and “干什么去?”, to greet each other. If we literally translate them as “Have you eaten?” “Where are you going?” and “What are you going to do?” westerners will think others are probing into their private affairs and that may cause embarrassment. But in some certain types of text, such as legal contracts and political statements, the literal translation with an explanatory note may be a better choice.2. Wh