【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 n his/her work: to the author’s particular ways of managing words that we e to recognize as habitual or customary. A distinctive style marks the work of a fine writer: we can tell Latin expression: Stilus virus arguit (“The style proclaims the man”), and for this matter we are familiar with the experience of trying to guess the author of a piece of writing on the evidence of his/her language. Actually, style is a bination of two elements, the idea to be expressed and the linguistic traits or characteristics of the author. It is, as . Lowell said, “the establishment of a perfect mutual understanding between the worker and his material”. However, there has never been an agreement on the exact meaning of style in the history of literary criticism, and the further narrowing of its meaning brings us on to more controversial ground, where different definitions of style involve even conflicting views of the use of language in literature. There is a strong tradition of thought which restricts style to choices of manner rather than matter, of expression rather than content. Such separation between form and meaning is implied in the mon definition of style as a “way of writing” or “mode of expression.” There is equally a strong literary tradition that emphasizes the inseparability between style and content。 in Flaubert’s words: “It is like body and soul: form and content to me are one.”The distinction between what a writer wants to say and how it is presented to the reader underlies one of the early and persistent concepts of style: style as the “dress of thought,” as Wesley put it:Style is the dress of thought。 a modest dress,Neat, but not gaudy, will true critics please.This metaphor resonates with Renaissance and NeoClassicist pronouncements on style. For example, the idea that style is電力花園二期工程 項目策劃及方案設(shè)計階段顧問招標項目編號：ⅡF003招 標 文 件 招 標 人：深圳媽灣電力有限公司投標須知項 號內(nèi) 容規(guī) 定1工程名稱電力花園二期工程項目策劃及方案設(shè)計階段顧問2工程地點深圳市南山區(qū)后海大道東側(cè)、創(chuàng)業(yè)路南側(cè)3工程規(guī)模二期項目建設(shè)規(guī)模約90000平方米4招標范圍項目策劃（包括市場定位、開發(fā)定位、經(jīng)濟評價、風險分析等）；方案設(shè)計顧問（包括編制方案設(shè)計任務書、參與方案設(shè)計成果討論、評審并對其提出修改建議等）。5采用的幣種人民幣6投 標 人資質(zhì)等級要求具備房地產(chǎn)咨詢、策劃等營業(yè)許可。具備深圳市房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀機構(gòu)備案證書（連續(xù)年審合格）。具備豐富的類似工程項目策劃及方案設(shè)計階段顧問服務經(jīng)驗。7投標保證金無8招標文件發(fā)放時間：2009年 12 月 28 日（星期 一 ）9投標文件遞交地點：深圳市福田區(qū)深南中路4001號時代金融中心12層會議室截止時間：2010年 01 月 06 （星期 三 ）上午9：3010投標有效期90日歷日（從投標截止之日算起）。中標人投標文件的有效性不受此限。11開 標 會地點：深圳市福田區(qū)深南中路4001號時代金融中心12層會議室截止時間：2010年 01 月 06 日（星期三 ）上午9：3012聯(lián)系人及電話聯(lián)系人:技術(shù)：張馨文 075582822923商務:趙紅艷 075582822912地址：深圳市福田區(qū)深南中路4001號時代金融中心12層1211電郵：ZHY@郵編：518034目 錄第一章 投標須知第二章 合同條款第三章 投標文件格式及附件34lanternlit house greatly contributes to the reader’s sense of unease, and so helps to build the story’s effectiveness. Another example is Lawrence’s “The Horse Dealer’s Daughter,” the description at the beginning of which contributes much to the atmosphere of the story.4. The importance of atmosphere in creating the settingBut it is a mistake to say that the atmosphere of a piece of fiction depends on the setting alone. (As illustrated in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the dialogue at the very beginning of the play helps powerfully to establish the atmosphere of uncertainty, in addition to the setting—the cold midnight castle.) The vocabulary, the figures of speech, and the rhythm of the sentence also help define the general atmosphere, for by these factors the writer manages to control the kind of associations that e to the reader’s mind. Atmosphere also depends on character and action. In short, we may say that the atmosphere of fiction is the pervasive, general feeling, generated by a number of factors (setting, character, action, and style) that is characteristic of a given story or novel.Chapter Five Point of ViewThe issue of point of view is highly philosophical, because it concerns the relation between the novelist and the “facts” in the novel, the relation between the novelist and the reader, and the relation between the novel and the reader. The point of view is the attitude or outlook of a narrator or character in a piece of literature, or it is the relationship between the narrator and the narrated. Metaphorically, a point of view is a standpoint from which the narrator sees the story and how he intends the reader to see the story. When we open a novel, we open a window to life. What a vision the novel provides largely depends on the point of view.Fictional prose and point of viewAs we know there are at least levels of discourse to account for the language of fictional prose (no matter it is a novel or a short story), just because the narrator level intervenes between the charactercharacter level and the authorreader level. From the diagram shown below you will see:Addresser 1 Message Addressee 1(Novelist) (reader)Addresser 2 Message Addressee 2(Narrator) (narratee)Addresser 3 Message Addressee 3(Character A) (Character B)This diagram only accounts for the novel “in general” in the sense that all three levels, and all three pairs of participants are needed to explain how the novel works as a form. But any particular novel may neutralize some of the distinctions, multiply others, or do both at the same time. The fact that there are six participants in the basic discourse structure for the novel automatically means that there are more viewpoints to be taken into account in the novel than in other genres (. poetry). But the opportunities in particular novels for multiplying the number of viewpoints to be considered, and related to one another, are myriad. It is thus hardly surprising that the novel has bee the genre where writers have explored viewpoints extensively.What is a narrator?A narrator is the one who tells the story, often called the storyteller. But t