【文章內容簡介】 ites ? count on the masses rather than on court etc. = popularization (? deelitarization, simplification, “democratization”) ? orientated towards “global standard/norms” Weltanschauung and Literature Modernism / Realism – Postmodernism 19th c. 1923 1980 time progressist ideologies, futureoriented Ottoman Empire | T252。rkiye Cumhuriyeti ?Republic of T.“ (TC) Modernism Postmodernism reforms (tanzimat) Kemalist nationstate Postkemalism Realism Enlightenment Mimetic Realism Postrealism cf. EG: 1981 Sadat Mubarak Iran: 1979 Shah Khomeini US: 1981 Reagan 90s: Bush, ?New World Order“ SU: 1985 Gorbachev 1991 collapse H. Barakat Formative Period || nationbuilding | postWW II transition [..........???.........] 24 7 stages of – also literary – history = 7 attitudes vis224。vis ”the West” ? Reform period (19th c.) ? Nationalism (early 20th c.) ? Disillusionment (177。 1930) ? Independence (early 1950s) ? Beginning doubts (late 1950s / early 1960s) ? Post1967 (shock of June War) ? Postmodern (1980s ff.) 25 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。vis ”the West” (1) Reform period (19th c.) ? belief in necessity (and possibility) to ?recover“ and catch up with global standards = reforms ? early 19th c.: ?West“ is not yet a concept, and no ?enemy“。 later: ?West/East“ ( colonialism) ? new elite: the European as chief authority, ”Best228。tiger vom Dienst“ (R. Wielandt) ? old elite (., court administratives, ?ulamā? ): strictly conservative reactions ? others: reform from within! ?nah?ah (cultural ?renaissance“) [secular] ? Islamic fundamentalist reformism (i?lā? : J. alAfghānī, M. ?Abduh, R. Ri?ā, ?A. alKawākibī) 26 Ideologisk forspill f248。r 1914 Reformislam osv. cf. forelesning 4 (BOU) Islamsk oppv229。kning Jamāl alDīn alAfghānī 18391897 Mu?ammad ?Abduh 18491905 Arabisk (proto)nasjonalisme ?Abd alRa?mān alKawākibī 18491902 1900: krever et arabisk kalifat 27 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。vis ”the West” (1) Reform period (19th c.) (cont.) ? literature at the service of reform: ? edition of classical texts, lexica, dictionaries, revival of old genres = make heritage accessible amp。 bear fruits。 + neoclassicism ? printing of ?folk“ literature = ?relaxed“ entertainment ? presentation and discussion of reform models (pros and cons) ? teaching innovations and ?real“ morals = edification ? exposure of social ?evils“, . ? criticism of tafarnuj / alafranga z252。ppelik (ignorant/ unreflected imitation of European lifestyles, ?dandyism“) ? historical novels teach Arab history = national consciousness and pride (Jurjī Zaydān) 28 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。vis ”the West” (12) pre–WW I ? classicism, neomaqāmah . Mu?. amp。 Ibr. alMuwayli?ī ? contemplativity, ‘romantic’ idealism, sentimentalism . Mu??afā L. alManfalū?ī, Jubrān Khalīl Jubrān ? larmoyant rebellion, sentimental outcry alManfalū?ī, Jubrān ? early national literature, rural life . Mu?. ?. Haykal 29 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。vis ”the West” (2) Nationalism (early 20th c.) Middle Eastern nationalisms are... ? the main ideology of the secular modernizers (?engineers“) ? a reaction to increased European dominance, colonialism, occupation etc. F248。rste verdenskrig – ny verdensordning, nye stater cf. forelesning 4 (BOU) Sprikende britiske l248。fter: ? Husayn – McMahon korrespondansen 19151916 ? SykesPicot avtalen 1916 ? Balfourerkl230。ringen 1917 Mandatstiden etter F248。rste verdenskrig 30 Hvem er en araber? Ulike typer nasjonal identitet cf. forelesning 10 (Linda Helgesen) ? qawm (folk, etnisk gruppe) Den fruktbare halvm229。ne ?wa?an (land, territorium) Egypt, Algerie ? ummah (fellesskap, s230。rlig verdens muslimer) Egypt, Algerie 31 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。vis ”the West” (2) Nationalism (early 20th c.) ‘National literature’: From idealistic hope to disillusioned sobriety (ca. 1910WW II) 0. Programs of “National Literature” 1. Early, ‘na239。ve’, idealistic adab qawmī ? ., Ma?mūd Taymūr 2. National enthusiasm, belief in progress (≈ ”Yes, we can!”) ? ., ?āhā ?usayn 3. Doubts and desillusionment (≈ ”Can we really?”) ? ., Tawfīq al?akīm 4. Reconstruction: other idealisms (≈ ”Since we can NOT, let’s try something else!”) ? ., Tawfīq al?akīm, Y. ?aqqī 32 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。vis ”the West” () Early National Literature ? local contents! ?countryside (often ?romantically‘ idealized, idyllic) ??typical“ characters, local co