【導讀】alienation,class,...justice,equality,freedom,love,...[cf.<=>valueorientations]. artisticstyles[cf.<=>valueorientations]. doArabs(ashumanbeings)...doArabsocieties...doesArabculture...react(ingeneral)tochallenges?Whichpatterns(?categoriesof. thisabout?Arabways“todealwith?theworld“]?plexity!etc.myapproach=historical???smellsabitlike. ”?！?。H.Barakat(+SG):. generalisations,essentialisations!Orient“......isacolonial(ist)discourse,justifies?cf.EdwardSaid,Orientalism. -------?-------?-------?-------?

　　

【正文】 s during the past half century (colonial, nationalist, independent Egypt) 41 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。vis ”the West” (5) Beginning doubts (late 1950s / early 1960s) Reasons ? doubts in authoritarian political leadership [cf. ?vertical values“] ? first failures of Nasserism bee apparent ? UAR ended ? economic drawbacks ? discrepancy between rhetorics and reality: heralded improvements still not noticeable ? increasingly repression, secret service, torture, executions ? hitherto progovernment intellectuals bee critical of the regime (antiNasser) ? Arab world: ?alnaksa“ (lost war, June 1967) = open dispair 42 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。vis ”the West” (5) Beginning doubts (late 1950s / early 1960s) Omslag mot slutten av 1950 / beg. av 1960tallet ? Nagīb Ma?fū?: The Children of Gebelawi (Awlād ?āratinā, 1959) ? Nagīb Ma?fū?: The Thief and the Dogs (alLi?? wa’lkilāb, 1962) ? Ghassān Kanafānī: Menn under sola / Men in the Sun (Rijāl fī ’lshams, 1963) ? ?un‘a(chǎn)llāh Ibrāhīm: The Smell of It (Tilka ’lrā’i?a ,1965/66) ? al?ayyib ?āli?: Trekket mot Nord / Season of Migration to the North (Mawsim alhijra ilā ’lshamāl, 1966)being conscious of colonial burden, own responsibility ? ‘Abdal?akīm Qāsim: The Seven Days of Man (Ayyām alinsān alsab‘a(chǎn), 1969) 43 Arabic literature and the West Coming to terms with independence ? ?????????? al?ayyib ?āli?, 19292020 (Tayeb Salih) ?????????????????????? Mawsim alhijra ilā ’lshamāl (1966*/1969) *first publication in ?iwār Season of Migration to the North, London: Heinemann etc., 1969 (og senere) Trekket mot Nord, Oslo: Gyldendal, 2020 Le migrateur, Paris 1972 the most important Arabic novel of the 20th century Arab Literary Academy in Damascus, 2020 44 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。vis ”the West” (6) Post1967 (shock of June War) ? heavy selfcriticism, esp. also language criticism (rhetoric ?lies“) ? ?ādiq J. al?A?m: ?SelfCriticism after the Defeat“ (alNaqd aldhātī ba?d alhazīmah) ? Nizār Qabbānī: ?Notes on the margins of the Defeat Registers“ (Hawāmish ?alā daftar alnaksah) ? further insecurity, instability: political shift towards the West, opening of the markets, economic ?liberalisation“, peace with Israel ? mistrust in established / dominant discourses ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ? search for new fundaments: truth, authenticity, ta??īl, start from zero ? epistemological turn: new, nonmimetic discourse on reality 45 = explore into new, hitherto neglected, silenced, tabooicized realities! ? predominance of ?sad“ themes: loneliness hopelessness frustration of the individual Lebensangst disgust disappointment disillusionment inability to establish reliability in interhuman relationships etc. = experimental, avantgardist mood of rebuilding from below: ? (intentional) lack of structural coherence ? associative narrating ? absurdity, contradictions, antagonisms, inprehensibility, irrationality of life ? mixed realities: dreams, myth, surrealistic, phantastic elements 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。vis ”the West” (6) Post1967 (shock of June War) (cont.) 46 ? shocking, scandalprovoking: [cf. HB: ?exposure“, ?revolutionary“] ? ?un‘a(chǎn)llāh Ibrāhīm (*1937): “The Smell of It” (Tilka ’lrā’i?a,1965/66) ? Mu?ammed Shukrī (Mohamed Choukri, *1935): For Bread Alone (alKhubz al?āfī, 1972/73 resp. 1982) ? Gamāl alGhī?ānī (*1945): Zayni Barakat (alZaynī Barakāt, 1974) ? search for authentically “Arabic” = nonWesternizing way of writing ? experimenting with precolonial genres (maq226。mah, ris226。lah, ...) 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。vis ”the West” (6) Post1967 (shock of June War) (cont.) ?un‘a(chǎn)llāh Ibrāhīm (*1937): The Committee (alLajna, 1981) ? fierce critique of economic globalization (anti”McDonaldization”) ? grotesque satire on the Egypt of Sadat’s “open door” politics ? plot: detective story, discovery of the crimes of the regime and their global collaborators (West/USbased multinational enterprises: CocaCola etc.) 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。vis ”the West” (7) Postmodern (1980s ff.) (cont.) 48 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。vis ”the West” (7) Postmodern (1980s ff.) ? dissolution of West/East in global reciprocity ? Arabs in exile/diaspora (L. Aboulela, Translator 。 ?anān alShaykh, Only in London 。 Orhan Pamuk, White Castle 。 Kader Abdollah) ? East as “mirror” of the West, and vice versa – each is part of the other’s identity ? play with stereotypes and “great narratives” (grands r233。cits) such as the old West/East dichotomy 49 Edward alKharrā? (*1926): City of Saffron (Turābuhā za‘farān, 1985) ? growing up in cosmopolitan Alexandria in the 1930s ? nostalgialoaden ? Coptic minority ? cosmopolitan diversity ? child’s perspective (authenticity) ? identity question: Who am I? Am I this boy “Michael”? 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。vis ”the West” (7) Postmodern (1980s ff.) (cont.)