【正文】 據(jù)預(yù)計由于環(huán)境因素承擔(dān)的重要性日益增加，組合優(yōu)化模型和技術(shù)將面臨更多的挑戰(zhàn)。對于此問題已定制的確切的幾種方法 （如拉波特和諾貝特； 1987年阿格沃爾等1989 年； 里斯加德2004 年；深澤 等l2006 年）。如果車輛的數(shù)量是固定的，可能還包括一個額外的任期，如果路線的數(shù)量不同，那么與車輛數(shù)目成正比。3 廢物管理由于固定廢物生產(chǎn)被廣泛認(rèn)為有所增加再加上環(huán)境問題被日益關(guān)注，所以近年來，各國政府廢物管理政策集中在避免產(chǎn)生廢物、再利用和回收利用。各種啟發(fā)式方法還提議，例如銀粉銀和餐中所述的啟發(fā)式算法（1973)托特等人（2006年）認(rèn)為很多規(guī)模模型是一種維修庫存也可以是在制造的操作，利用回收和生產(chǎn)維修庫存與新制造的庫存并無區(qū)別。（見瓦格納，于1958年圣靈降臨節(jié)）。巴羅斯等人（1998）考慮在荷蘭（回收建筑廢料的子產(chǎn)品）砂的回收問題。這種立法是建立逆向物流業(yè)務(wù)的重要性的一種驅(qū)動。在他們的書中，羅杰斯和連布克 (1999年） 簡要地考慮逆向物流與綠色物流的區(qū)別。第二部分闡述了對逆向物流的擔(dān)憂以及考慮到產(chǎn)品的整個生命周期和對各種可能性的模型的回收利用。政府現(xiàn)正考慮減少排放和其它環(huán)保措施。s retail industry is bound to carry out corporate restructuring in the future. Therefore it is more suitable for rural chain supermarkets to adopt a mon distribution model. The thirdparty logistics and fourthparty logistics have been developed greatly in recent years, while chain supermarkets build their own distribution system in the use of logistics resources. It is important to learn to utilize thirdparty logistics and fourthparty logistics services. Therefore, mixeddistribution model is more suitable for China39。s rural supermarkets, and provided some strategies to the problem.Keywordsrural areas。通過這些方法，分配中心可以提高效率。為了保障質(zhì)量和運送容量，它們的運輸、包裝和加工都會更加困難。C. 提高規(guī)模，建立嚴(yán)格的評估系統(tǒng)。信息來源于農(nóng)民，他們可以提供大量高質(zhì)量產(chǎn)品，保持不同功能的和諧。誠然，大型連鎖超市有時也有大量的物流業(yè)務(wù)，即使他們有自己的分配中心和分配系統(tǒng)。它可以提供聯(lián)合采購。由于農(nóng)村地區(qū)、農(nóng)民及農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的特殊情況，中國零售業(yè)的發(fā)展和未來合伙重組的開展聯(lián)系在一起。他們不會在短時間內(nèi)接受設(shè)計好的產(chǎn)品。電子訂貨系統(tǒng)、電子數(shù)據(jù)互換系統(tǒng)以及增值網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)都還沒有使用。農(nóng)村連鎖商店分布較廣，單個的連鎖超市分配還是比較有限。均勻分配有利于統(tǒng)一采購。分配的優(yōu)勢是超市運作成本、利潤及相關(guān)合伙人附加利潤的關(guān)鍵。物流和分配是連鎖超市運作過程中的紐帶，在超市的平穩(wěn)運作中起到重要作用。這些連鎖超市帶領(lǐng)農(nóng)民提高消費水平、縮小城鄉(xiāng)差異、提升農(nóng)村地區(qū)和農(nóng)村市場現(xiàn)代流通的發(fā)展。在農(nóng)村地區(qū)，農(nóng)民和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品獨特，所以，與城市物流分配相比，有著一些不同的特點。許多連鎖超市沒有建立自己的分配中心，因而不能滿足分配服務(wù)的需求。電腦信息管理系統(tǒng)也遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠，導(dǎo)致了不能及時進行與供應(yīng)商、總部以及分部的數(shù)據(jù)交換。此外，關(guān)于產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的信息不能及時得到反饋。雇員總體素質(zhì)較差，大多數(shù)操作員對物流不了解，對物流的運作原則、業(yè)務(wù)分部接口、運作流程、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、服務(wù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)運用更是知之甚少。即使他們有能力建立自己的分配系統(tǒng)，也很難產(chǎn)生規(guī)模效應(yīng)。如果他們購買少量商品，他們應(yīng)該委托分配中心給予共同運送。完善分配中心的功能。分配中心應(yīng)該建立電腦化的管理信息系統(tǒng)，包括電子自動化訂貨系統(tǒng)、電子數(shù)據(jù)互換、銷貨點系統(tǒng)和信息反饋系統(tǒng)。如果一個農(nóng)村商店的分配率一年中連續(xù)四個月或五個月都低于65%，其名單就會在特許經(jīng)營資格書上剔除。E. 培養(yǎng)物流人才當(dāng)前，由于農(nóng)村連鎖超市缺乏物流專業(yè)人才，發(fā)展農(nóng)村物流業(yè)人才至關(guān)重要。他們必須實施嚴(yán)格的食品質(zhì)量檢測，防止假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品流入市場，以保證食品安全，創(chuàng)造一個舒適的消費環(huán)境，滿足農(nóng)民消費者的最大需求。 It is lack of market demand in rural areas, farmers’ consumer environment and awareness have not yet mature, the Infrastructures of logistics are still poor, the store layout is fragmented, regional span is large, distribution paths are tortuous and long, therefore, the distribution is difficult。綠色物流活動包括測量不同分銷策略對環(huán)境的影響，減少物流活動中的能源使用量，減少廢物，管理和處理物流對環(huán)境的影響。對于這些組合優(yōu)化的工作，希望對于那些組合優(yōu)化的新模型將帶來有趣的新挑戰(zhàn)，同時該工作也可能對環(huán)境帶來重大影響。例如，弗萊希曼等人（1997年） 稱逆向物流是”涵蓋了在物流活動中從使用的產(chǎn)品”，用戶不再需要的產(chǎn)品及在市場中再利用產(chǎn)品的過程。通過在生產(chǎn)過程中排放的空氣污染來控制模型的一個關(guān)鍵部分。他設(shè)計了一個為多產(chǎn)品和多級的情況下的模型。在這個領(lǐng)域中大多數(shù)模型的開發(fā)都類似于傳統(tǒng)的選址問題， 在特定位置的分配模型中（可以看到克朗和夫里延斯1995；安蒙斯等1999；斯彭勒等1997；馬林和貝利格林 1998；賈亞拉曼等1999；克里克等1999， 2001；弗萊施曼等2000）。動態(tài)調(diào)整很多問題得到了很好的研究，因為它是第一個推出了超過四十年前的方法。這被認(rèn)為是兩種變體。我們在已知位置和要求的中央倉庫設(shè)置車輛流量Q，以滿足從中央倉庫交貨的要求。有許多的解決方案過程基于啟發(fā)式算法，旨在提供良好可行的解決方案，在可接受的計算時間內(nèi)，但不保證最優(yōu)性。然而在實踐中，時間和最短路徑可能有所不同，尤其是通過一天的時間。Abstract:The purpose of this paper is to introduce the area of Green Logistics and to describe some of the problems that arise in this subject which can be formulated as binatorial optimization problems. The paper particularly considers the topics of reverse logistics, waste management and vehicle routing and scheduling.Keywords:Green Logistics, Reverse logistics, Combinatorial optimization, Waste management, Hazardous materials1 IntroductionGreen Logistics is concerned with producing and distributing goods in a sustainable way,taking account of environmental and social factors. Thus the objectives are not only concerned with the economic impact of logistics policies on the organization carrying them out,but also with the wider effects on society, such as the effects of pollution on the environment. Green Logistics activities include measuring the environmental impact of different distribution strategies, reducing the energy usage in logistics activities, reducing waste and managing its treatment. In recent years there has been increasing concern about the environmental effects on the planet of human activity and current logistic practices may not be sustainable in the long organizations and businesses are starting to measure their carbon footprints so that the environmental impact of their activities can be monitored. Governments are considering targets for reduced emissions and other environmental is therefore increasing interest in Green Logistics from panies and logistics models for production and distribution have concentrated on minimizing costs subject to operational constraints. But consideration of the wider objectives and issues connected with Green Logistics leads to new methods of working and new models,some of which pose interesting new applications for operational research models of various types. A survey of all operational research models in this area would require a very long article and so the focus of this paper is to concentrate on some of the new or revised binatorial optimization models that arise in Green Logistics applications. For those working in binatorial optimization it is hoped that these new models will pose interesting new challenges that may have significant effects on the environment when the results are original version of this paper can be found in Sbihi and Eglese (2007). It discusses different areas that relate to the Green Logistics agenda. Section 2 concerns Reverse Logistics models that take account of the full lifecycle of a product and the possibilities of various forms of recycling. Section 3 covers Waste Management that includes models for the transportation of hazardous waste, rollon rolloff containers and the collection of household waste. Section 4 deals with Vehicle Routing models and issues relating to Green Logistics objectives. Section 5 contains the final conclusions.2 Reverse LogisticsThere are various definitions of Reverse Logistics to be found in the literature. For example,Fleischmann et al. (1997) say that reverse logistics is “a process which enpasses the logist