【正文】 ics activities all the way from used products no longer required by the user to products again usable in a market”. Dowlatshahi (2000) explains Reverse Logistics as “a process in which a manufacturer systematically accepts previously shipped products or parts from the point for consumption for possible recycling, remanufacturing or disposal”. Later, the European Working Group on Reverse Logistics, REVLOG, Dekker et al. (2004), give this definition: “The process of planning, implementing and controlling backward flows of raw materials, in process inventory, packaging and finished goods, from a manufacturing, distribution or use point, to a point of recovery or point of proper disposal”.In their book, Rogers and TibbenLembke (1999) briefly consider the differences between Reverse Logistics and Green Logistics. In Reverse Logistics there should be some flow of products or goods back from the consumer to an earlier stage of the supply reduction of waste that this implies certainly means that Reverse Logistics should be included within Green Logistics. For example, De Brito and Van Der Laan (2003) examine inventory management issues when product returns must be estimated. However there will be other models of logistics activities involving only forward flows of goods that could not be described as reverse logistics, but if they include environmental considerations, will also be included within Green Logistics. For example,Mondschein and Schilkrut (1997) describe a mixed integer linear programming model to determine the optimal investment policies for the copper industry in Chile. A key part of the model was to control air pollution through emissions in the production process. Legislation within the European Community gives high importance to recycled products and, in some cases, it has established the responsibility for the end of life products to the manufacturers. For example, the Waste。大多數(shù)論文認(rèn)為車廠和客戶之間行駛費(fèi)用和時(shí)間是已知的，固定的。專門的算法能夠始終如一的為高達(dá)50家客戶找到最優(yōu)的解決方案；雖然更大的問(wèn)題已經(jīng)解決，但是在某些情況下，往往最優(yōu)性的代價(jià)就是花費(fèi)相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。4 車輛路徑與調(diào)度車輛路徑與調(diào)度問(wèn)題(VRSP)涉及到確定路線和車隊(duì)的時(shí)間表以滿足客戶的需求。：—— 沒(méi)有回報(bào)的處理方案；—— 持有成本為服務(wù)成本大于持有成本的回報(bào)率 ；—— 變制造與再制造費(fèi)用不包括在內(nèi)。該模型假設(shè)成本是按照一個(gè)固定順序（所設(shè)置的）來(lái)支出的，采購(gòu)成本為一個(gè)單位的線性支出，在單位時(shí)間內(nèi)，庫(kù)存都是具有線性持有成本的。他們產(chǎn)品分類回收網(wǎng)絡(luò)在三個(gè)子地區(qū)：可重復(fù)使用的項(xiàng)目網(wǎng)絡(luò)，再制造網(wǎng)絡(luò)，和回收網(wǎng)絡(luò)。然而，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在文獻(xiàn)中關(guān)于逆向物流（RL）這一主題的論文卻相對(duì)較少。但是會(huì)有的只涉及向前流動(dòng)的其它類型那么就不可以被稱為逆向物流，但如果它們包括環(huán)境方面的考慮，也將被列入綠色物流貨物的物流活動(dòng)。第五部分為最后的結(jié)論。但是考慮到更加長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的目標(biāo)和與綠色物流有關(guān)的問(wèn)題，就必須有新的工作方法和模式，其中也包含了一些有趣的，最新應(yīng)用的研究模型。關(guān)鍵字: 綠色物流、逆向物流 、組合優(yōu)化 、廢物管理、危險(xiǎn)物品1 引言綠色物流主要關(guān)注的是可持續(xù)的生產(chǎn)方式和貨物的銷售，重點(diǎn)考慮到環(huán)境和社會(huì)的因素。 logistics；supermarket chains.I. INTRODUCTIONSince the “Ten Thousand Villages” market project was carried out, the chain supermarket, a new operating system and sale model, has been developed in the wide rural areas. These chain markets are guiding farmers to increase consumption, narrow the gap between urban and rural, promote the development of modern circulation in rural areas and rural market. It has been weled by farmers. However, logistics and distribution, the core of the chain supermarkets, are still very weak. The strength of distribution is the key to the super market’s operating cost, profit and related cooperator’s profit plus. Under the current situation of economic crisis, the answer to solve the problems of the rural chain supermarkets’ logistics and distribution is important to develop the rural markets, develop the economics, and build socialist new countryside.II. THE CONCEPTS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL CHAIN SUPERMARKETS’ LOGISTICS AND DISTRIBUTIONDistribution is an economic activity, that enterprises based on user needs reserve goods in the distribution centers or other locations by the most effective way, and send the goods to users in the region within the reasonable framework of economic,. It includes the purchase, storage, sorting, cargo handling, delivery and other activities. It is a logistics activities way which bine with the special, integrated business flow and logistics. Because rural areas, farmers and agricultural products are unique, they have some different characteristics pared with urban logistics distribution. Frequent orders for the rural chain supermarkets, many stores, high frequency of purchase orders, strict time limits for delivery。對(duì)于有著密集人口和便利交通的農(nóng)村連鎖超市來(lái)說(shuō)，他們可以根據(jù)產(chǎn)品類型選擇每天每月需要的產(chǎn)品。對(duì)超市來(lái)說(shuō)，不僅能減少購(gòu)買成本，保障農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量及安全，也能從當(dāng)?shù)胤植康玫疆a(chǎn)品信息，與農(nóng)民建立良好的合作關(guān)系，逐漸提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，發(fā)展特殊產(chǎn)品，并且深度開(kāi)發(fā)農(nóng)村市場(chǎng)。主導(dǎo)企業(yè)優(yōu)先加入合同。為了滿足一些鮮活商品、易腐爛商品的分配需求，分配中心也應(yīng)該加快運(yùn)送速度，提高效率，減少物流成本及采用有冰箱和保存功能的倉(cāng)庫(kù)。B. 加強(qiáng)分配中心的構(gòu)建以達(dá)到現(xiàn)代化決定分配中心的規(guī)模。分配中心可以外包給第三方物流公司，以此達(dá)到快速反饋及及時(shí)運(yùn)送。因此，復(fù)合型分配模式對(duì)中國(guó)農(nóng)村連鎖超市更合適。很難達(dá)到物流、分配、管理以及經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模效應(yīng)。所有這些都導(dǎo)致了不及時(shí)的采購(gòu)及補(bǔ)充，進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致供應(yīng)缺口。這些分配中心只能用來(lái)當(dāng)倉(cāng)庫(kù)、儲(chǔ)存及運(yùn)輸，缺少了深層的貨品加工容量、信息加工以及反饋功能。B．不合理的物流和分配模式，導(dǎo)致信息讀取效率不高最近，農(nóng)村連鎖超市的物流和分配渠道主要由分配中心、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和供應(yīng)市場(chǎng)合作社、第三方物流和分配系統(tǒng)組成。它包含購(gòu)買、儲(chǔ)存、分類、貨物處理、遞送及其它活動(dòng)。關(guān)鍵詞：農(nóng)村地區(qū)，貨品分配，策略規(guī)劃，物流，連鎖超市。在這篇論文中，作者將會(huì)分析現(xiàn)今存在于中國(guó)農(nóng)村超市的物流和分配方面的問(wèn)題，然后提供一些相應(yīng)策略解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。分配是一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)，是企業(yè)家基于消費(fèi)者需求，用最有效的方式在分配中心或其它地點(diǎn)儲(chǔ)存貨物，并且把這些貨物運(yùn)送到在合理經(jīng)濟(jì)框架內(nèi)的其他客戶。這就會(huì)導(dǎo)致高物流成本。C．分配中心的延后建立、低下技術(shù)水平、低分配水平農(nóng)村連鎖超市的分配中心改造和擴(kuò)大都是基于原來(lái)的倉(cāng)庫(kù)，這并不能滿足連鎖超市的服務(wù)需求。很難在連鎖超市、分配中心和供應(yīng)商之間進(jìn)行信息交流。比如，需求分散、農(nóng)村物流運(yùn)作的高成本、小規(guī)模、設(shè)施不夠、資金欠缺、沒(méi)有主導(dǎo)企業(yè)。近年來(lái)，連鎖超市建立了各自的的分配系統(tǒng)來(lái)有效利用物流資源，第三方物流和第四方物流逐漸發(fā)展起來(lái)。對(duì)于那些鮮活商品、冰凍商品，超市可以不統(tǒng)一分配。外包的優(yōu)勢(shì)很明顯，不僅可以解決供應(yīng)鏈的庫(kù)存、運(yùn)輸問(wèn)題，同時(shí)也可以解決采購(gòu)問(wèn)題，管理超市和供應(yīng)商之間的關(guān)系。在硬件方面，自動(dòng)化倉(cāng)庫(kù)、自動(dòng)化分類機(jī)器、電子貨梯、智能化輸送機(jī)、數(shù)據(jù)收集裝置及其它現(xiàn)代物流設(shè)備都應(yīng)該逐漸使用，以達(dá)到加工運(yùn)作的機(jī)械化及自動(dòng)化。滿足標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的商店必須訂立合同。對(duì)農(nóng)民來(lái)說(shuō)，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的分配渠道可以優(yōu)化農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)和產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)，以此提高他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)收入。價(jià)格低廉的產(chǎn)品和自有品牌產(chǎn)品可以定位。 strategic planning。本文重點(diǎn)介紹了逆向物流、 廢物管理和物流配送車輛調(diào)度等問(wèn)題。傳統(tǒng)物流模式的生產(chǎn)和分配都集中在約束業(yè)務(wù)成本，將其降至最低。第四部分涉及車輛路徑模型和綠色物流目標(biāo)相關(guān)的問(wèn)題。例如，德布里托和范德蘭（2003年） 說(shuō)必須估計(jì)產(chǎn)品返回檢查庫(kù)存管理問(wèn)題。 區(qū)位模型在逆向物流中的應(yīng)用對(duì)于一般設(shè)施選址的理論研究已有很多。弗萊希曼等人（2000年）審查了九個(gè)發(fā)表的關(guān)于產(chǎn)品在不同行業(yè)的回收物流網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)計(jì)的案例研究，確定了一些產(chǎn)品回收網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一般性特點(diǎn)，并與傳統(tǒng)的物流結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行比較。比如說(shuō)，這是一個(gè)有無(wú)限量產(chǎn)品的制造商或供應(yīng)商?？芍^是再制造庫(kù)存系統(tǒng)圖。在環(huán)境方面廢物管理指有關(guān)廢物材料的運(yùn)輸活動(dòng)，顯然這是綠色物流議程的一部分。其確切的解決方案是很難確定大規(guī)模的問(wèn)題，這是一個(gè)很難解決的問(wèn)題。大多數(shù)的這些做法基于本地搜索技術(shù)。綠色物流項(xiàng)目包括涵蓋的這項(xiàng)討論了逆向物流和物流配送車輛調(diào)度，綠色物流議程上的政策的影響等有關(guān)主題的幾個(gè)模塊。5 結(jié)論本白皮書(shū)描述了綠色物流所涉領(lǐng)域，并描述了一些新的問(wèn)題出現(xiàn)時(shí)，所考慮的并不僅僅是經(jīng)濟(jì)，而是更加涉及到環(huán)境和社會(huì)因素。有幾本書(shū)和調(diào)查文章來(lái)匯總不同的方法，并且在文章中有所引用（例如，黃金與阿薩德 1988年；托特和維 2001年)，這些在雜志撰寫的文章中被大量引用。車輛的每個(gè)路徑必須滿足每個(gè)交付客戶的需求，且不能超過(guò)車輛的能力。第一個(gè)變量是假定建立兩個(gè)程度相當(dāng)?shù)穆?lián)合生產(chǎn)線，這將花費(fèi)適當(dāng)?shù)刭M(fèi)油。精確解技術(shù)，稱為基于動(dòng)態(tài)規(guī)劃的瓦格納瓦錫 算法，是眾所周知的生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃與庫(kù)存控制。 在大多數(shù)模型、運(yùn)輸和加工成本已最小化，而環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)