【正文】 1 全球運(yùn)籌管理 Global Supply Chain Logistics Management 柳學(xué)信 副教授 首都經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)工商管理學(xué)院 2022年 2 主要內(nèi)容 ? 全球性供應(yīng)鏈趨勢 ? 全球供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與優(yōu)勢 ? 全球供應(yīng)鏈管理 ? 全球運(yùn)籌管理 3 The Global Business Climate ? Increasing market concentration市場集中 ? Increasing dispersion of production生產(chǎn)分散 ? Increasing product line diversity生產(chǎn)線多樣化 4 Increasing Market Concentration ? Through increased market concentration, socalled ―power retailers‖ have e to rule the marketplaces in firstworld economies. 隨著市場集中度的增加，所謂的“零售大亨”已統(tǒng)治了第一世界國家市場。 – In the United States, for example, discount retailers such as WalMart, Kmart, and Target have bee dominant chains in general merchandising. 在美國，例如，折扣零售商如沃爾瑪，西爾斯和 Target已經(jīng)占據(jù)整條商品鏈中的統(tǒng)治地位。 – ―Category killer‖ retail chains such as Toys ?R‘ Us, Home Depot, and Circuit City now control substantial shares of the retail market for their specialty goods. ―類別殺手 ‖零售連鎖 例如 Toys ?R‘ Us, Home Depot, and Circuit City現(xiàn)在自己的特色商品已占有龐大的份額。 5 ? Representing a substantial portion of national retail sales, these power retailers have tipped the balance of channel power. 這些大零售商全國零售銷售占相當(dāng)大的比例，已經(jīng)打破渠道平衡。 ? With the base of retailers shrinking to a few giant firms, manufacturers and wholesalers now respond eagerly to the demands of these power retailers. 隨著零售商已經(jīng)縮小到幾個(gè)巨型公司，所以制造商及批發(fā)商現(xiàn)在熱切回應(yīng)著這些零售大亨們的要求。 6 Increasing Market Concentration ? One profitenhancing strategy monly used by power retailers is the refusal to hold large inventories. 大零售商常用的一個(gè)利潤提升策略就是拒絕持有大量庫存。 ? The power retailers have learned the lessons of justintime inventory management, and firms such as WalMart focus on zero inventory as a desirable JIT庫存管理，像 WalMart這樣的公司更是將零庫存作為其理想目標(biāo)。 ? The retailers have strategically applied inventory technologies such as pointofsale scanning and electronic automatic reordering to make such splitsecond logistics performance ，例如銷售點(diǎn)掃描和電子自動訂貨系統(tǒng)，使得瞬時(shí)物流成為可能。 ? When such retailers are paired with responsive and logistically sophisticated manufacturers, retail inventory turnover rates skyrocket. This allows the retailer to sell the goods before it even pays its suppliers, lending realworld proof to the concept of zeroinventory 和具有響應(yīng)性以及復(fù)雜物流系統(tǒng)的制造商結(jié)合在一起時(shí)，零售存貨周轉(zhuǎn)率扶搖直上。這使得零售商可以先出售商品，然后再付款給供應(yīng)商，在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中實(shí)現(xiàn)了零存貨零售的理念。 7 Increasing Market Concentration ? As this goal is reached, power retailers seek additional higher levels of logistics capabilities from their suppliers and increasingly choose to deal only with suppliers who can guarantee their logistics 以后，大零售商就開始尋找另外的具有高物流水平的供應(yīng)商，并更多的只選擇那些可以保證其物流績效水平的供應(yīng)商。 ? Logistics performance guarantees are mon today. Suppliers who ship with errors in quantity, SKU, packaging requirements, or delivery requirements are today often heavily penalized by their retailer customers through invoice chargebacks. 物流績效擔(dān)保在今天很平常。那些在出貨數(shù)量，庫存單位，包裝要求，或交貨要求上出錯的供應(yīng)商現(xiàn)如今常常被零售客戶用退回貨物的方式進(jìn)行重罰。 8 ? When channel power is exercised in this way, leadingedge logistics performance bees a norm, not an aspirational goal. As such, firms that cannot provide logistics excellence are left behind their petition. The power of the logisticslinked vertical marketing system is undeniable. 當(dāng)渠道巨頭采用這種方式后，領(lǐng)先的物流績效成為一種規(guī)范，而不是期望的目標(biāo)。因此，如果公司不能提供卓越的物流，那么他們就會在競爭中落后。由物流鏈接的垂直營銷系統(tǒng)重要性是不可否認(rèn)的。 ? Firms have pursued two distinctly different strategies in locating production 。 – Some have chosen to go where the cost of economic inputs (land, labor, and capital) are （土地、人力、資金）最少的地方 – Others, facing unwieldy transportation problems or local trade barriers, have chosen to locate their manufacturing facilities near or in the markets where their goods are ，面對難以處理的運(yùn)輸問題和地方貿(mào)易障礙，選擇將他們的生產(chǎn)設(shè)施建在其產(chǎn)品得以銷售的市場中或者附近。 9 Increased Dispersion of Production ? In a global marketplace, both of these production location approaches can greatly plicate supply chain management and bring to the forefront excellence in international logistics 全球市場，這兩種生產(chǎn)設(shè)施的選址會使供應(yīng)鏈管理大大復(fù)雜化，將國際物流績效的優(yōu)點(diǎn)成為焦點(diǎn)。 ? Adding to this plexity is the continuing trend toward more sophisticated automated manufacturing to increase quality and decrease labor 和降低勞動力成本的更加精密的自動化生產(chǎn)。 ? For global logistics managers, these trends dictate increasingly plex logistics system 球物流經(jīng)理人，這些趨勢使物流系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)日益復(fù)雜。 10 Increased Dispersion of Production ? Demand and supply pipelines must now circle the globe, and factory outputs must be directed (and often redirected) with increased precision in 求現(xiàn)在必須在全球范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行考慮，工廠產(chǎn)出必須在更加精確的時(shí)間控制下進(jìn)行。 ? Multimodal transportation coupled with improved information management has helped logistics professionals cope with the demands of global sourcing and manufacturing. 多式聯(lián)運(yùn)加上改良的信息管理可以幫助物流專家應(yīng)對全球外包和制造的需求。 ? It is now possible for logistics managers to creatively manage the inbound and outbound inventories while still in transit to and from manufacturing 流經(jīng)理創(chuàng)造性地管理輸入與輸出庫存成為可能，雖然仍然是從制造工廠輸出或者向工廠輸入。 11 Gould, Stephen (2022), ―Sourcing Successfully in China,‖ Supply Chain Management Review 12 Increased Dispersion of Production ? As the business function dealing with the creation of time, place, and form utility, leadingedge logistics allows firms to increase profitability, quality, and responsiveness to their fellow channel members and to 用，場所效用和形態(tài)效用的創(chuàng)造時(shí)，尖端物流使得企業(yè)為其渠道成員和消費(fèi)者增加利潤，質(zhì)量和反應(yīng)速度。 ? Because such plex systems with high performance standards are so difficult to duplicate, logistics can give a tremendous petitive advantage to the entire global supply chain. 因?yàn)檫@樣有著高水平的復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)是很難被復(fù)制的，所以物流可以給整個(gè)全球供應(yīng)鏈以巨大的競爭優(yōu)勢。 13 Increasing Product Line Diversity ? Manufacturers worldwide have responded to the increasingly sophisticated needs of consumers in world by lengthening and broadening their product 反應(yīng)是橫向和縱向擴(kuò)展其生產(chǎn)線。 ? As marketers have gotten more in tune with the needs and wants of consumer