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? The cash flow tends to move in a reverse direction from the productservice flow, though there may be exceptions to this backward flow in the case of marketing strategies involving discounts, coupons, or 動的,盡管也許這種反向流動有一些例外,例如營銷戰(zhàn)略中所涉及的折扣,優(yōu)惠,或退款。 eFullfilment 全球貿(mào)易接單模式及無紙化趨勢 物流 – eLogistics amp。 ? ECRbased demand pipeline strategies seem appropriate to other industries beyond puters. Automobile panies are taking their first tentative steps in this direction, with programs such as General Motors‘ ―GM BuyPower‖ website ( which seeks to extend the customer information flow backward in the supply chain all the way to GM‘s suppliers and ECR的需求渠道策略對于計算機之外的其他行業(yè)也是適當(dāng)?shù)摹? ? Between those two generic end points lies a vast frontier of cost tradeoffs that should be undertaken in direct response to different customer needs as determined by market segmentation. 介于兩個終點之間的是一個廣闊的成本權(quán)衡邊界,應(yīng)對由市場細分所確定的不同客戶需求進行直接響應(yīng)。 44 ? Consider two extremes in demand: planned and emergency. Under conditions where demand is anticipated, customers may plan to purchase large quantities, be more tolerant of delayed response times, accept limited variety from a single vendor (when using other vendors may also be planned), tolerate vagueness in service level but with expectations for reduced price, and await innovations. 考慮需求的兩個極端情況:計劃內(nèi)需求與緊急需求。 ? Today‘s sophisticated market segmentation strategies result in groupings of consumers with different demand characteristics. 當(dāng)今復(fù)雜的市場細分戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)致了以不同需求特征劃分的消費者群體。欠發(fā)達地區(qū)海外工廠管理復(fù)雜,培訓(xùn)費用、生產(chǎn)率低。 ? 真正的全球性產(chǎn)品: 這些產(chǎn)品是真正全球性的,意即是不須為了全球的銷售而做任何的修正、改變。 ? Hedged Strategy 避險性策略 – Losses in one area offset by gains in another 堤內(nèi)損失堤外補 – Volkswagen in US, Brazil, Mexico, Germany ? Flexible Strategy 彈性策略 33 Flexibility Strategies ? Flexibility to take advantages of operational exposure 利用 營運曝露 優(yōu)勢的彈性 ? Requires a flexible supply chain 需要柔性化的供應(yīng)鏈 – multiple suppliers 多個供應(yīng)商 – flexible facilities 靈活設(shè)施 – excess capacity 額外能力 – various distribution channels 多分銷渠道 ? Can be expensive to implement 實施起來代價高昂 – coordination mechanisms 協(xié)調(diào)機制 – capital investments 資本投資 – loss of economies of scale 喪失規(guī)模經(jīng)濟 34 Flexible Strategies ? Production/sourcing shifts生產(chǎn) /采購轉(zhuǎn)移:不同設(shè)施之間平衡,如匯率影響、勞動力成本變化可以重新選址。對公司而言,在內(nèi)可能具有獲取原料或制造上的優(yōu)勢。 ? Global presence as a defensive tool藉由加入具高度競爭性的市場中,公司被迫去發(fā)展以及增加尖端的技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品。 20 全球性供應(yīng)鏈 ? 全球性供應(yīng)鏈的模式: ? 國際分銷系統(tǒng):這種類型系統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)仍然以本土為主,但分銷系統(tǒng)及一部分營銷發(fā)生在海外。這樣的發(fā)展必定會使物流的任務(wù)更為復(fù)雜化。這種家庭唱片是打算作為錄音帶的替代品,并具有接近 CD的音質(zhì)。 ? Because such plex systems with high performance standards are so difficult to duplicate, logistics can give a tremendous petitive advantage to the entire global supply chain. 因為這樣有著高水平的復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)是很難被復(fù)制的,所以物流可以給整個全球供應(yīng)鏈以巨大的競爭優(yōu)勢。 – Some have chosen to go where the cost of economic inputs (land, labor, and capital) are (土地、人力、資金)最少的地方 – Others, facing unwieldy transportation problems or local trade barriers, have chosen to locate their manufacturing facilities near or in the markets where their goods are ,面對難以處理的運輸問題和地方貿(mào)易障礙,選擇將他們的生產(chǎn)設(shè)施建在其產(chǎn)品得以銷售的市場中或者附近。這使得零售商可以先出售商品,然后再付款給供應(yīng)商,在現(xiàn)實世界中實現(xiàn)了零存貨零售的理念。 – In the United States, for example, discount retailers such as WalMart, Kmart, and Target have bee dominant chains in general merchandising. 在美國,例如,折扣零售商如沃爾瑪,西爾斯和 Target已經(jīng)占據(jù)整條商品鏈中的統(tǒng)治地位。 ? The power retailers have learned the lessons of justintime inventory management, and firms such as WalMart focus on zero inventory as a desirable JIT庫存管理,像 WalMart這樣的公司更是將零庫存作為其理想目標(biāo)。因此,如果公司不能提供卓越的物流,那么他們就會在競爭中落后。 ? Multimodal transportation coupled with improved information management has helped logistics professionals cope with the demands of global sourcing and manufacturing. 多式聯(lián)運加上改良的信息管理可以幫助物流專家應(yīng)對全球外包和制造的需求。貨物必須在需要的時刻和地點被運達,否則他們將會承擔(dān)被市場淘汰的風(fēng)險。因而索尼發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在日本的 Minidisc是市場領(lǐng)跑者,但在美國的mp3產(chǎn)品卻是市場跟隨者。 ? 在許多方面來說,全球供應(yīng)鏈管理與橫跨大片地理區(qū)域的國內(nèi)供應(yīng)鏈管理是相似的。 21 全球性供應(yīng)鏈管理 ? 多尼爾等人認(rèn)為:驅(qū)動企業(yè)全球化發(fā)展趨勢的幾種力量: –全球市場力量 Global Market Forces –科技的力量 Technological Forces –全球成本力量 Global Cost Forces –政治及經(jīng)濟力量 Political and Economic Forces 22 全球市場力量 ? Foreign petition in local markets全球市場力量包括了由外國競爭者所創(chuàng)造的壓力,及外國顧客所創(chuàng)造的機會。D設(shè)施全球定位 – Close to production (as cycles get shorter)靠近產(chǎn)地(周期變短) – Close to expertise (Indian programmers)靠近專家 24 全球成本力量 ? Low labor cost 低勞動成本 – Diminishing importance (Costs underestimated, benefits overestimated) 重要性在降低 (成本被低估,效益高估 ) ? 在過去,低成本的非技術(shù)性勞工是決定工廠地點的必然因素。 ? 全球供應(yīng)鏈可以提供企業(yè)彈性來面對國際市場中的不確定性,這彈性可用來抗拒與全球企業(yè)攸關(guān)的幾項因素所帶來的風(fēng)險。 35 Requirements for global strategy implementation five basic functions of firms ? 產(chǎn)品開發(fā) – Design products that can be modified easily for major markets. 產(chǎn)品設(shè)計可以進行改良以適應(yīng)各個大市場 ? 采購 – Ensure that the quality and delivery options from various suppliers are patible 確認(rèn)從不同供應(yīng)商那里獲得的質(zhì)量與交貨選擇相協(xié)調(diào) – Compare the pricing of various suppliers 在不同供應(yīng)商之間比較價格 – Sufficient suppliers in different regions are at hand 在不同地區(qū)都有充足的供應(yīng)商 36 Requirements for global strategy implementation five basic functions of firms ? 生產(chǎn) – Excess capacity and plants in several regions → shifting production 額外能力 +工廠分布在幾個地區(qū) ——轉(zhuǎn)換生產(chǎn) – Effective munications systems 有效通信系統(tǒng) – Centralized management → centralized information – 集中管理 ——信息集中 ? 需求管理 – Projected demand and available product → Marketing and sales plans 預(yù)計需求和現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品 → 營銷和銷售計劃 – Information is best supplied by analysts located in each region 各個地區(qū)分別分析的信息是最有效的 – munication 溝通 /通信 ? 訂單履行 – Centralized system 集中機制 37 全球供應(yīng)鏈管理問題 ? Regional vs. International Products一些種類的產(chǎn)品,其中的每一種都有不同的「全球需求條件」 ? 具區(qū)域特性的產(chǎn)品: 有些產(chǎn)品必須針對某些地區(qū)做一些特殊的設(shè)計及制造。 ? 有時,在獨立的區(qū)域營運系統(tǒng)證明成功之后,總部會無法抗拒誘惑而來干預(yù)營運系統(tǒng),因而造成績效變差。 –貿(mào)易保護變化。 – When traveling on vacation, however, price and habit may be less significant infl