【正文】 n suppliers需要與外國(guó)供應(yīng)商建立緊密關(guān)系。模塊化時(shí)代(青木昌彥， 2022)。 ? global coordination全球協(xié)調(diào)：市場(chǎng)杠桿。 – 奢侈品品牌，如： Coach及 Gucci。 ? 技術(shù)出口到中國(guó)公司或政府，與技術(shù)來(lái)源國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)只是遲早的事情。 – When you‘re buying gasoline in your home town, you likely will know a number of gas stations‘ locations, as well as which ones generally have the best prices. You may also routinely purchase all your gasoline at the same station out of habit. Thus your demand for gasoline in your home town is likely to be strongly influenced by price and perhaps by habit. 當(dāng)你在家的周?chē)?gòu)買(mǎi)汽油時(shí)，你很可能知道許多加油站的位置，并且其中一些價(jià)格低廉。 45 ? Given differences in demand characteristics, Chopra and Meindl characterize supply chains as necessarily either more efficient or more ， Chopra and Meindl將供應(yīng)鏈分為效率性和響應(yīng)性?xún)煞N。” ? Former Xerox executive Fred Hewitt says today‘s supply chain managers need to transcend the limitations of the supply chain management metaphor by considering the source of demand, the customer, as the prime determinant of strategy. He calls for a conceptual shift from supply chain management to ―demand pipeline management.‖ 施樂(lè)公司前執(zhí)行官 Fred Hewitt稱(chēng)，今天的供應(yīng)鏈管理者必須超越供應(yīng)鏈管理的限制，要將需求來(lái)源 —客戶(hù)，作為首要的決定性的戰(zhàn)略。 49 ? By doing so, GM will eventually be able to provide assembledtoorder vehicles for its customers within acceptable consumer demand lead times. Such a system would undoubtably result in a higher costpervehicle than the current focused manufacturing and distribution strategy, but may also result in less inventory in the distribution and dealer work as well as higher profit marginspervehicle as consumers are often willing to pay a higher price for a perfect match to their needs. 這樣，通用汽車(chē)公司最終能夠提供在顧客可接受的提前期內(nèi)按訂單組裝車(chē)輛，這種制度無(wú)疑將比目前所采用的集中制造及分銷(xiāo)策略導(dǎo)致每輛車(chē)更高的成本，但也可導(dǎo)致配送以及經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商網(wǎng)絡(luò)中較低的庫(kù)存以及較高的每車(chē)?yán)麧?rùn)率，因?yàn)橄M(fèi)者為了能夠完全符合自己的需求往往愿意付出更高的代價(jià)。 ePayment 電子賬單與電子支付 信息流 – eTracking amp。物流 進(jìn) 口商 /買(mǎi) 方 4. 開(kāi)信用證 審查 9. 出口 進(jìn)艙 艙 位 國(guó)際運(yùn)輸 11. 出口押 匯 審查機(jī)構(gòu) 運(yùn)輸 10. 出口通 關(guān) 16. 進(jìn)口進(jìn)艙 20. 贖單提貨 13. 進(jìn)口審查 19. 進(jìn)口通關(guān) 報(bào)關(guān) amp。 ? The marketacmodation flow recognizes the time and place utility created by logistics and distribution functions in the supply 流動(dòng)通過(guò)在供應(yīng)鏈中物流配送功能實(shí)現(xiàn)創(chuàng)造時(shí)間和場(chǎng)所效用。 ? Most supply chain models have elements of both efficiency and 有效率性和響應(yīng)性。 48 ? Such strategies are mon in the puter industry, with leaders such as Dell Computer able to offer customized PCs with very short delivery times to customers through their website ( Dell‘s ECR strategy involves sharing of customer order information through a corporate intra with its supply chain 平常，如戴爾電腦這樣的領(lǐng)跑者，通過(guò)其網(wǎng)站在很短的交貨時(shí)間內(nèi)向客戶(hù)提供個(gè)性化電腦 ( 。 ? Responsive supply chains are flexible in terms of handling variance in customer demand, have short lead times, often use flexible manufacturing strategies, may handle a fastchanging and wide array of products, and do so with high service specifications. 響應(yīng)性供應(yīng)鏈在處理顧客需求變化方面是靈活的，可以有較短的提前期，往往使用柔性化制造戰(zhàn)略，可處理多種快速變化產(chǎn)品，并同時(shí)提供高水平服務(wù)。 43 Strategic Approaches for Global SCM ? Six such mon differences in demand attributes are cited by Chopra and Meindl: Chopra amp。 40 全球物流差異 First World Emerging Third World Infrastructure基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu) Highly developed Under development Insufficient to support advanced logistics不能夠滿(mǎn)足發(fā)達(dá)物流 Supplier operating standards供應(yīng)商運(yùn)營(yíng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) High Variable Typically not considered通常不考慮 Information system availability 信息系統(tǒng)可得性 Generally available Support system not available Not available 不可得 Human resources 人力資源 Available Available with some searching Often difficult to find 通常難以獲得 41 Strategic Approaches for Global SCM ? Chopra and Meindl (2022) Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operations propose two generic strategies for managing supply chains. 《 供應(yīng)鏈管理 —戰(zhàn)略、規(guī)劃、和運(yùn)營(yíng) 》 Chopra and Meindl (2022) 中：提出了兩種通用的供應(yīng)鏈管理戰(zhàn)略。 ? 依據(jù)相關(guān)區(qū)域的特性，緩和對(duì)此地區(qū)性商業(yè)活動(dòng)的期望是很重要的。例如：汽車(chē)的設(shè)計(jì)通常是具區(qū)域特性的。 28 全球供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn) ? 匯率波動(dòng) ? 營(yíng)運(yùn)曝露 (operational exposure) –顧客反應(yīng) –競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者的反應(yīng) –供貨商的反應(yīng) –政府的反應(yīng) 29 Currency Exposure ? Currency Exposure – The results of transactions denominated in foreign currencies change (cash deposits, debt obligations) 以外幣表示的交易變化的結(jié)果（現(xiàn)金存款，債務(wù)） ? Currency Exposure – Result of translating foreign financial statements into the currency of the parent pany 由于將外國(guó)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表轉(zhuǎn)化為母公司貨幣的結(jié)果 ? Financial instruments used to hedge these 用金融工具防范 30 Currency Exposure ? Changes a firm‘s petitive position and future cash flows 改變一家公司的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)地位及未來(lái)的現(xiàn)金流量 ? In the short run, changes in currency rates don‘t necessarily reflect changes in inflation rates 在短期內(nèi)，匯率變動(dòng)并不一定反映通貨膨脹變化率 ? Regional operations bee relatively more or less expensive區(qū)域運(yùn)營(yíng)變得相對(duì)比較便宜 31 Operating Exposures ? Customer reactions 顧客反應(yīng) ? Competitor reactions 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者反應(yīng) – market share 市場(chǎng)占有率 – Profit 利潤(rùn) ? Supplier reactions 供應(yīng)商反應(yīng) ? Government reaction 政府反應(yīng) 32 應(yīng)付全球供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn) ? Speculative Strategy 投機(jī)性策略 – Bet on a single scenario 孤注一擲 – Japanese auto manufacturing in Japan： 20世紀(jì) 7080年代，認(rèn)為把生產(chǎn)地設(shè)在日本更有利，盡管勞動(dòng)力成本高，但是可以利用匯率、生產(chǎn)力和投資方面的有利條件。 最近許多案例的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，較便宜的非技術(shù)性勞工的成本無(wú)法抵過(guò)在偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)工廠(chǎng)營(yíng)運(yùn)的其它相關(guān)成本。 ? Growth in foreign demand許多公司需求成長(zhǎng)的機(jī)會(huì)是在外國(guó)及新興的市場(chǎng)中。 ? 假如國(guó)際供應(yīng)鏈網(wǎng)絡(luò)能有效管理，它將能提供許多額外的機(jī)會(huì)。 17 Increasing Product Line Diversity ? These marketdriven trends have implications for international logistics 已影響國(guó)際物流經(jīng)理。雖然這可能看起來(lái)是顯而易見(jiàn)并簡(jiǎn)單的，但是一個(gè)管理著全球供應(yīng)鏈的公司所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)卻相當(dāng)復(fù)雜。 ? It is now possible for logistics managers to creatively manage the inbound and outbound inventories while still in transit to and from manufacturing 流經(jīng)理創(chuàng)造性地管理輸入與輸出庫(kù)存成為可能，雖然仍然是從制造工廠(chǎng)輸出或者向工廠(chǎng)輸入。由物流鏈接的垂直營(yíng)銷(xiāo)系統(tǒng)重要性是不可否認(rèn)的。 ? The retailers have strategically applied inventory technologies such as pointofsale scanning and electronic automatic reordering to make such splitsecond logistics performance ，例如銷(xiāo)售點(diǎn)掃描和電子自動(dòng)訂貨系統(tǒng)，使得瞬時(shí)物流成為可能。1 全球運(yùn)籌管理 Global Suppl