【正文】 解釋和說明，以確定其含義。10幻燈片11第二節(jié) 合同英語的詞匯特點(diǎn)及翻譯要點(diǎn)l 　　商務(wù)合同屬于莊重文體，用詞極其考究，具有特定性和嚴(yán)肅的風(fēng)格。比如：l 1）The premium rates vary with differed interests insured.l 　2）If the buyer fails to pay any account when due, the buyer shall be liable to pay the seller overdue interest on such unpaid amount from the due date until the actual date of payment at the rate of five percent per annum, such overdue interest shall be paid upon demand of the seller. l 　3）The articles of our immediate interest are your 　“CHONHOI” brand Agricultural Washing Machines.12幻燈片13l 1）The premium rates vary with differed interests insured.l 2）If the buyer fails to pay any account when due, the buyer shall be liable to pay the seller overdue interest on such unpaid amount from the due date until the actual date of payment at the rate of five percent per annum, such overdue interest shall be paid upon demand of the seller. l 3）The articles of our immediate interest are your “CHONHOI” brand Agricultural Washing Machines.l 以上三句均含有“interest”一詞，但是由于行業(yè)背景的不同，其意義也大相徑庭。由此可見，在合同翻譯過程中，要特別注意專業(yè)性的問題。比如，“權(quán)利和義務(wù)”（rights and obligations)、“仲裁”( arbitration）、“終止”（termination）、“不可抗力”（force majeure）、“管轄”（jurisdiction）等。所以在翻譯的過程中，譯者要對(duì)這些詞語在一般文體中和法律文體中的意義進(jìn)行區(qū)分。)l 5）Full set clean on board marine Bill of Lading issued to the order of the shipper and blank endorsed. (初始譯文：承運(yùn)人簽發(fā)的全套整潔、已裝船的海運(yùn)提單，空白背書。)l 在以上三句中，acceptance、clean、to the order of、confirmed和documentary的翻譯均未能完全真實(shí)表示合同意思，這些詞的中文完整意思分別是“驗(yàn)收”、“清潔”、“以……為抬頭”、“保兌的”和“跟單”。15幻燈片16第二節(jié) 合同英語的詞匯特點(diǎn)及翻譯要點(diǎn)l 一、用詞專業(yè)，具有法律意味（professional or legal）l （三）注意一些以here、there或where等作前綴的副詞。下表中的詞語均是約定俗成的特殊用語。比如：l 7) We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data has been supplies herein, and that we agree to show you documentary proof upon your request.l 從語法的角度分析，本句中hereby的語法功能為副詞，在這句中是強(qiáng)調(diào)所說明、證明的內(nèi)容，因此可譯為“特此”。l 除了語法分析法之外，還可以運(yùn)用奈達(dá)的動(dòng)態(tài)等值理論，將前后語篇綜合起來考慮，并尋求合適的、最對(duì)等的詞意，用舊體詞來保持商務(wù)合同的莊重、嚴(yán)肅的文體風(fēng)格，比如：l 8) The undersigned hereby certify that the goods to be supplied are made in USA.（下列簽署人茲保證所供應(yīng)之貨物系在美國國內(nèi)制造。另外兩個(gè)舊體詞“之”和“系”顯示合同翻譯風(fēng)格正式而緊湊的典型特點(diǎn)；在后一個(gè)例子中，根據(jù)上下文來看，“thereof”一詞的意思是“of the said contract”，譯為“本合同的”。如將“the said contract”綜合全句來看，則其最對(duì)等的譯文為“上述內(nèi)容”。l a. May：在表示合同上的權(quán)利（Right）、權(quán)限（Power）或特權(quán)（Privilege）的場合中使用。l b. Shall：在合同中并不是單純的將來時(shí)，一般用它來表示法律上可以強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的義務(wù)（Obligation）。所以，shall在譯文里，通常表示“應(yīng)該”或“必須”，當(dāng)然，也有不翻譯的時(shí)候。s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. l （雙方首先應(yīng)通過友好協(xié)商，解決因合同而發(fā)生的或與合同有關(guān)的爭議。）l 上句中的shall 和may表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確。 19幻燈片20l 11）The quality and prices of the modities to be exchanged between the eximporters in the two countries shall be acceptable to both sides. （貨物的質(zhì)量和價(jià)格必須使進(jìn)出口雙方都能接受。shall沒有譯出。l 13）The board meeting shall be convened and presided over by the Chairman. Should the chairman be absent, the viceChairman shall, in principle, convene and preside over the board meeting.?。ǘ聲?huì)會(huì)議應(yīng)由董事長召集、主持；若董事長缺席，原則上應(yīng)由副董事長召集、主持。l e. May not（或shall not）：用于禁止性義務(wù)，即“不得做什么”。如：l The Licensee will notify the Licensor and shall assist the Licensor in taking such action as the Licensor deems appropriate。如果句中接連出現(xiàn)這類詞語，其風(fēng)格自然顯得鄭重、嚴(yán)肅具有濃厚的正式文體色彩。l 該句中的execute較sign正式。）l 本句中用with regard to，in the event of和prior to分別代替about，in case of和before。24幻燈片25l 15）These articles shall apply to documentary credits, including stand by letters of credit, to the extent to which the credits in question shall be applicable, and shall be binding on the Parties to the Contract, unless otherwise expressly agreed by the Parties thereto.l （本條文適用于一切跟單信用證，并包括在其適用范圍內(nèi)的備用信用證，對(duì)合同各有關(guān)方面均具有約束力，除非另有約定。該詞由兩個(gè)同義詞 unless和otherwise組成，otherwise有代詞作用，后面一般跟動(dòng)詞的過去分詞限定，意為“除非另……”；再如“unless otherwise specified in the Contract / the Letter of Credit”， 即可譯為“除非合同/信用證另有規(guī)定”。）l 同under、pursuant to一樣，上例中的in accordance with是法律文件中常用的詞匯，均作“根據(jù)”、“按照”解，比according to正式。有時(shí)候是出于嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)和杜絕漏洞的考慮，有時(shí)候也屬于合同用語的固定模式。再如：27幻燈片28l 17）This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B。這里可以利用尤金所謂動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)等，就是譯文與原文在效果（或功能）上達(dá)到對(duì)等，即譯文讀者的理解與感受與原文讀者的理解與感受基本一致（與動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)等相對(duì)的是形式對(duì)等，即強(qiáng)調(diào)語言形式的對(duì)應(yīng)）。根據(jù)動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)等的譯法，它們的譯文分別是“簽訂”、“修改”、“各項(xiàng)規(guī)定”和“生效”， 如不采用這種譯法，而是逐字翻譯，勢(shì)必會(huì)使譯文顯得羅嗦而難以理解，總之，譯者應(yīng)時(shí)刻牢記中英文的各種表達(dá)法，來確保原文和譯文最大可能地對(duì)應(yīng)起來，真正做到準(zhǔn)確嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)和規(guī)范通順。 30幻燈片31第三節(jié) 合同英語的句法特點(diǎn)及翻譯要點(diǎn)l 如果說商務(wù)合同的用詞具有專業(yè)、準(zhǔn)確、正式的特點(diǎn)，那么商務(wù)合同的句法則有結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、句式較長的特點(diǎn)。雖然商務(wù)合同英文中的句法特點(diǎn)有很多，比如多用陳述句、多用現(xiàn)在時(shí)、多用被動(dòng)語態(tài)、多用名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)等等，但本節(jié)結(jié)合翻譯難點(diǎn)，重點(diǎn)探討長句，尤其是條件從句的特點(diǎn)和翻譯方法。分析合同長句的基本方法是：首先，要找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語,即句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)；其次，要找出句子中所有的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語和從句的引導(dǎo)詞，然后再分析從句和短句的功能，即：是否是主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句或狀語從句等，以及詞、短語和從句之間的關(guān)系。32幻燈片33l 20) The Buyer may, within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination, lodge a claim against the Seller for shortweight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.l 這是一個(gè)簡單長句，其主干為The Buyer may…lodge a claim…。諸多狀語盡管在原文中位置靈活，然而在譯文里，須按照漢語的行文規(guī)范適當(dāng)進(jìn)行調(diào)整：方式狀語一般應(yīng)置于動(dòng)詞之前；其他狀語可以靈活處理，如本句中的時(shí)間狀語可以提前至句首。33幻燈片34l 21）If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles or repeated in , then in addition to any other remedies available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the pany against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach. l 本句的主干是it shall indemnify and keep indemnified... against... the other Party and the pany。in addition to 引導(dǎo)的是增補(bǔ)成分，其核心詞remedies也跟了后置定語（available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws）。基于以上分析，再結(jié)合漢語的行文習(xí)慣（條件在前，結(jié)構(gòu)在后以及定語在所修飾的核心詞之前），即可翻譯成文。35幻燈片36l 22）The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit.l 上句中信息的重心在句首，先表明賣方的免責(zé)事項(xiàng)，接著再規(guī)定由于什么原因引起的不能交貨或延遲交貨才會(huì)免責(zé)，