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time urgency , an excessive petitive drive , and difficulty accepting and enjoying leisure time. The opposite of Type A is Type B personality . ? Type B personality :People who are relaxed and easygoing and accept change easily. ? are the symptoms of stress? ? There are three general ways that stress reveals itself . These include physiological ,psychological , and behavioral symptoms. ? Most of the early discussions of stress focused heavily on healthrelated , or physiological concerns. This was attributed to the fact that high stress levels result in changes in metabolism , increased heart and breathing rates , increased blood pressure , headaches , and increased risk of heart attacks . Because detecting many of these requires the skills of trained medical personnel , their immediate and direct relevance to managers is negligible. ? Of greater importance to managers are psychological and behavioral symptoms of stress. It39。 ? (一)組織變革的動(dòng)因 ? 1.外部環(huán)境因素 ? ( 1)整個(gè)宏觀社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境的變化 ? ( 2)科技進(jìn)步的影響 ? ( 3)資源變化的影響 ? ( 4)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)觀念的改變 ? 2.內(nèi)部環(huán)境因素 ? ( 1)組織機(jī)構(gòu)適時(shí)調(diào)整的要求 ? ( 2)保障信息暢通的要求 ? ( 3)克服組織低效率的要求 ? ( 4)快速?zèng)Q策的要求 ? ( 5)提高組織整體管理水平的要求 ? (二)組織變革的目標(biāo) ? 1.使組織更具環(huán)境適應(yīng)性 ? 2.使管理者更具環(huán)境適應(yīng)性 ? 3.使員工更具環(huán)境適應(yīng)性 ? (三)組織變革的內(nèi)容 ? 1.人員的變革 ? 2.結(jié)構(gòu)的變革 ? 3.技術(shù)與任務(wù)的變革 ? (四)組織變革的過(guò)程 ? 兩種不同的觀點(diǎn): ? 其一:風(fēng)平浪靜觀 ? 其二:急流險(xiǎn)灘觀 ? 風(fēng)平浪靜觀( Kurt Lewin) ? 組織變革的過(guò)程包括解凍-變革-再凍結(jié)三個(gè)階段: ? ( 1)解凍階段:改革前的心理準(zhǔn)備階段 ? ( 2)變革階段:變革過(guò)程中的行為轉(zhuǎn)換階段 ? ( 3)再凍結(jié)階段:變革后的行為強(qiáng)化階段 ? (五)組織變革的程序 ? ( 1)診斷組織現(xiàn)狀,發(fā)現(xiàn)變革征兆 ? ( 2)分析變革因素,制定改革方案 ? ( 3)選擇正確方案,實(shí)施變革計(jì)劃 ? ( 4)評(píng)價(jià)變革效果,及時(shí)進(jìn)行反饋 ? (六)組織變革的阻力 ? ? ? (七)消除組織變革阻力的管理對(duì)策 ? ( 1)客觀分析變革的推力和阻力的強(qiáng)弱 ? ( 2)創(chuàng)新組織文化 ? ( 3)創(chuàng)新策略方法和手段 ? ( 八 ) 組織變革中的壓力及其管理 ? is stress? ? Stress is a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity , constraint , or demand related to what he or she desires , and for which the oute is perceived to be both uncertain and important. ? St