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time urgency , an excessive petitive drive , and difficulty accepting and enjoying leisure time. The opposite of Type A is Type B personality . ? Type B personality :People who are relaxed and easygoing and accept change easily. ? are the symptoms of stress? ? There are three general ways that stress reveals itself . These include physiological ,psychological , and behavioral symptoms. ? Most of the early discussions of stress focused heavily on healthrelated , or physiological concerns. This was attributed to the fact that high stress levels result in changes in metabolism , increased heart and breathing rates , increased blood pressure , headaches , and increased risk of heart attacks . Because detecting many of these requires the skills of trained medical personnel , their immediate and direct relevance to managers is negligible. ? Of greater importance to managers are psychological and behavioral symptoms of stress. It39。 ? (一)組織變革的動因 ? 1.外部環(huán)境因素 ? ( 1)整個宏觀社會經(jīng)濟環(huán)境的變化 ? ( 2)科技進步的影響 ? ( 3)資源變化的影響 ? ( 4)競爭觀念的改變 ? 2.內(nèi)部環(huán)境因素 ? ( 1)組織機構適時調(diào)整的要求 ? ( 2)保障信息暢通的要求 ? ( 3)克服組織低效率的要求 ? ( 4)快速決策的要求 ? ( 5)提高組織整體管理水平的要求 ? (二)組織變革的目標 ? 1.使組織更具環(huán)境適應性 ? 2.使管理者更具環(huán)境適應性 ? 3.使員工更具環(huán)境適應性 ? (三)組織變革的內(nèi)容 ? 1.人員的變革 ? 2.結(jié)構的變革 ? 3.技術與任務的變革 ? (四)組織變革的過程 ? 兩種不同的觀點: ? 其一:風平浪靜觀 ? 其二:急流險灘觀 ? 風平浪靜觀( Kurt Lewin) ? 組織變革的過程包括解凍-變革-再凍結(jié)三個階段: ? ( 1)解凍階段:改革前的心理準備階段 ? ( 2)變革階段:變革過程中的行為轉(zhuǎn)換階段 ? ( 3)再凍結(jié)階段:變革后的行為強化階段 ? (五)組織變革的程序 ? ( 1)診斷組織現(xiàn)狀,發(fā)現(xiàn)變革征兆 ? ( 2)分析變革因素,制定改革方案 ? ( 3)選擇正確方案,實施變革計劃 ? ( 4)評價變革效果,及時進行反饋 ? (六)組織變革的阻力 ? ? ? (七)消除組織變革阻力的管理對策 ? ( 1)客觀分析變革的推力和阻力的強弱 ? ( 2)創(chuàng)新組織文化 ? ( 3)創(chuàng)新策略方法和手段 ? ( 八 ) 組織變革中的壓力及其管理 ? is stress? ? Stress is a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity , constraint , or demand related to what he or she desires , and for which the oute is perceived to be both uncertain and important. ? St