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et al. Thoer. Appl. Ge. 2022,112: 455–461 Du et al. Proceed. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2022, 106:2216322168 Mapbased cloning of Bph14, a resistant gene to rice brown planthopper 三、功能互補(bǔ)法 ( founctional plementation ) 功能互補(bǔ)作用克隆基因的原理: 應(yīng)用這種方法的前提條件 : 經(jīng)典微生物的功能互補(bǔ)實驗 被克隆的基因片段,同重組體 DNA分子的寄主細(xì)胞的染色體 DNA是同源的。很多分離克隆的基因都是通過這種方法獲得的。 ? 圖位克隆方法分離基因的優(yōu)點是無需預(yù)先知道基因的DNA順序,也無需預(yù)先知道其表達(dá)產(chǎn)物的有關(guān)信息。 ? 圖位克隆 方法,這種方法又稱 定位克?。?positoinal cloning), 1986年首先由劍橋大學(xué)的 Alan Coulson提出。反 向遺傳學(xué)則是在獲得生物體基因組全部序列的基礎(chǔ)上,通過對靶基因進(jìn)行必要的加工和修飾,如定點突變、基因插入 \缺 失、基因置換等,再按組成順序構(gòu)建含生物體必需元件的修飾基因組,讓其裝配出具有生命活性的個體,研究生物體基因組的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能,以及這些修飾可能對生物 體的表型、性狀有何種影響等方面的內(nèi)容。Development of insect resistant crops ? Production of human insulin in transgenic bacteria carrying appropriate human gene Forward Geics is an approach that enpasses several means of identifying the gene or set of genes that are responsible for a particular phenotype within an anism. Initially, this entailed the generation of random mutations in an anism, often through radiation, and then through a series of breeding of subsequent generations, isolating individuals with an aberrant phenotype. Today there are many different means of following the general path of altering the genotype to observe the phenotype, several of which within the genomic era can be useful in the study of functional genomics. ? Reverse geics is an approach to discovering the function of a gene by analyzing the phenotypic effects of specific gene sequences obtained by DNA sequenceing. ? 反向遺傳學(xué)是相對于經(jīng)典遺傳學(xué)而言的。第二章 目的基因的克隆策略 一、基因克隆的目的與意義 ? Isolation of gene of a gene enables the determination of its nucleotide sequence. From this information the internal landmarks of the gene can be determined – for example, intron number and position。 promoter elements. ? A parison of DNA sequences between genes can lead to insights in gene evolution. ? Converting the DNA sequence of a gene into amino acid sequence by using the geic code leads to a determination of the structure of the protein product of the gene, and from this knowledge, the function of the gene can be inferred. ? A gene can be moved from one anism to another. An anism containing a foreign gene via geic engineering process is called transgenic. Transgenic anisms can be used either for laboratory research to advance our understanding of biological processes or for specialized industrial applications – for examples: 經(jīng)典遺傳學(xué)是從生物的性狀、表型到遺傳物質(zhì)來研究生命的發(fā)生與發(fā)展規(guī)律。與之相關(guān)的研究技術(shù)稱為反向遺傳學(xué)技術(shù)。用該方法分離基因是根據(jù)功能基因在基因組中都有相對較穩(wěn)定的基因座,在利用分離群體的遺傳連鎖分析或染色體異常將基因佇到染色體的 1 個具體位置的基礎(chǔ)上,通過構(gòu)建高密度的分子連鎖圖,找到與目的基因緊密連鎖的分子標(biāo)記,不斷縮小候選區(qū)域進(jìn)而克隆該基因,并闡明其功能和疾病的生化機(jī)制。 二、圖位克隆( Mapbased cloning)法(未知序列的基因克?。? ? 90年代初發(fā)展起來的基因克隆技術(shù)。 ? 圖位克隆法是基于基因在遺傳圖譜上的位置而分離克隆基因的方法。 HostDNA a B A ForeignDNA HostDNA a B B ForeignDNA HostDNA a B C ForeignDNA A表型 a表型 a表型 例如:克隆大腸桿菌 Leu合成酶 構(gòu)建 Wt基因文庫 Leu營養(yǎng)缺陷型 轉(zhuǎn)化 Leu 篩選 挑取單菌落 抽質(zhì)粒 測序 利用這種方法,有可能從一個基因文庫中分離出許多種不同的基因。 * * 只有細(xì)菌的染色體基因和少數(shù)幾種其它物種基因,如酵母這樣的低等真核生物的基因,才能同大腸桿菌的營養(yǎng)缺陷型互補(bǔ);才有可能通過這種方法克隆。必須發(fā)展真核生物體系。 PCR 擴(kuò)增同源序列 NBS LRR 篩選文庫 或 已克隆的抗病基因 基因互補(bǔ)分析 如系未