【正文】 blic administrators。 Unit 2 The Practice of Public Administration Text A The Rise of the American Administrative State 美國(guó)行政 國(guó)家的崛起 Today, there are perhaps 15 million civilian public employees in the United States. 現(xiàn)今，美國(guó)也許有 1 500 萬(wàn)公共管理人員。問(wèn)題領(lǐng)域呈現(xiàn)了其他話題和專(zhuān)門(mén)化：警察、消防、學(xué)校、軍事、醫(yī)藥、環(huán)保、技 術(shù)和技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓、科學(xué)和科學(xué)應(yīng)用、政府一商業(yè)一工業(yè)合作等，而且許多其他特殊關(guān)注造成了 知識(shí)、應(yīng)用、培訓(xùn)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的專(zhuān)門(mén)化。 ‖not for profit‖ administration。 city, county, and local administration。 state/province administration。 national administration。以及許多其他這樣的因素（還有它們之間的相互關(guān)系）。 the values, history, requirements, and processes of the anizations, programs, and ponents of specific relevance at any given time。 the context of the political, economic, and societal structure, requirements, and processes。 Budget and finance (how to provide, handle, and account for material resources), personnel (the policies and management of human resources), planning, operations management, anizational design and management, munications and munication systems, recordkeeping, accounting of various kinds, reporting of various kinds and for a variety of purposes and clientele, internal and external public relations, and a host of similar concerns constitute some of the technical and functional foci of the field. 預(yù)算和財(cái)政 (如何提供、處理、核算物質(zhì)資源）、人事（人力資源政策和管理 )、計(jì)劃、 運(yùn)營(yíng)管理、組織設(shè)計(jì)和管理、通信和通信系統(tǒng)、記錄保存、各種記賬、各種報(bào)告、內(nèi)部和外部公共關(guān)系，以及其他一些相似方面共同構(gòu)成公共管理領(lǐng)域的某些技術(shù)和功能焦點(diǎn)。 These generally have to do either with the functional and technical specializations of public administration, with specific methods and approaches, or with the phenomena of specific locales and issue areas of public administration. 這些東西或者與公共管理的職能和技術(shù)領(lǐng)域有關(guān)，與其具體方法和途徑有關(guān)，或者與公共管理的具體場(chǎng)所和問(wèn)題領(lǐng)域的現(xiàn)象有關(guān)。 It should be remembered, though, that public anizations and activities cover virtually the whole spectrum of contemporary specialities and that the educational background and specialties of public administrators therefore reflect this diversity. 但是，應(yīng)該注意的是，公共組織和活動(dòng)實(shí)際上包括了當(dāng)代的各種專(zhuān)業(yè)，而公共管理者的教育背景和專(zhuān)業(yè)實(shí)際上是反映了這種多樣性。 The more traditional and still usual pattern is for baccalaureate education in public administration to be a major or minor specialization within a political science degree program. 一種更為傳統(tǒng)和常見(jiàn)的模式是，在學(xué) 士教育階段把公共管理設(shè)為政治科學(xué)學(xué)士 學(xué)位課程里的一個(gè)主要或次要專(zhuān)業(yè)。 As the number of programs offering doctoral degrees in the field has increased, this interpretation has gained strength. 隨著該領(lǐng)域授予博士學(xué)位的課程 不斷增多，這種觀點(diǎn)也在加強(qiáng)。 What the effects of all this will be over time, or what the next developmental stage will be, is unclear but generally appears to have an energizing effect upon the field. 隨著時(shí)間的流逝，所有這些影響將是什么， 或者下一個(gè)發(fā)展階段會(huì)是什 么，都還不甚明了，但總體而言似乎對(duì)公共管理這一領(lǐng)域會(huì)有一種積極 的影響。 In the last couple of decades, this had been augmented by tremendous technological developments (., in puter applications and in munications developments) on the one hand, and ever more sophisticated philosophical and methodological interpretations asserting that we are transcending ―modernity‖ in ways which call much of our question on the other hand. 在過(guò)去幾十年里，這種爭(zhēng)論一方面由于巨大的技術(shù)發(fā)展而更加激烈（例如，計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用的發(fā)展以及通信的發(fā)展）， 另 1 方面由于更加復(fù)雜的哲學(xué)和方法論的觀點(diǎn) —— 宣稱(chēng)我們正以那些對(duì)我們當(dāng)代的理解和技術(shù)手段 提出質(zhì)疑的方式超越“現(xiàn)代性” —— 而變得更為熱烈。 In United States and elsewhere, many of these developments were acpanied by significant critiques of public administration. 在美國(guó)和其他地方，多 _ 數(shù)此類(lèi)發(fā)展都伴隨著對(duì)公共管理 的重要批評(píng)。 Other parts of the world also experienced similar movements, frequently exacerbated by issues of neocolonialism, nationalism, antiinstitutionalism, environmentalism, antitechnologism, and general critiques of scientific and technological perspectives and, indeed, the entirety of ―modernity.‖ 世界的其他地方也經(jīng)歷了類(lèi)似的運(yùn)動(dòng)，并且通常還產(chǎn)生了新殖民主義、民族主義、 反制度主義、環(huán)保主義和反技術(shù)主義的問(wèn)題以及對(duì)科學(xué)技術(shù)的普遍批判，這些批判實(shí)際上是對(duì)整個(gè) “現(xiàn)代性”的批判。 In the 1960s and 1970s, much of the world of science and technology came under attack. In the United States, these decades and their challenges have e to be interpreted against the backdrop of the civil rights movement (and related movements such as feminism), Vietnam War activism, the ―new left,‖ antiinstitutionalism, and particular manifestations of youth rebellion. 在 20 世紀(jì) 60 年代和 70 年代，多數(shù)科學(xué)和技術(shù)都遭受抨擊。 this period is frequently referred to in the United States and elsewhere as the period of classical public administration or orthodox public administration. 在美國(guó)歷史上，大蕭條和第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之間的這段時(shí)期（約 1929— 1945)被公認(rèn)為代表了一段自信 —— 盡管也有人認(rèn)為是幼稚 —— 時(shí)期的美國(guó)公共管理；在美國(guó)和其他地方，這段時(shí)期通 常被稱(chēng)作經(jīng)典的公 共管理或正統(tǒng)的公共管理階段。 Both of these latter movements had their origins in industrial and business management, but were very influential on public administration in the United States and around the world. 這兩個(gè)后期運(yùn)動(dòng)雖都起源于工業(yè)和商業(yè)管理，但對(duì)美國(guó)乃至全世界的公共管理都有深刻的影響。 It is usual also to identify the early years of . public administration with scientific management, a school of thought largely attributed to Frederick Winslow Taylor (18561915) which emphasized a task analysis and efficiency approach to management。 Such dating, though, is more a matter of convenience or recognition of important scholarly influence than of historical accuracy. 但這樣的追溯更多的是出于方便或?qū)? 重要學(xué)術(shù)影響的認(rèn)可，而不是出于歷史準(zhǔn)確性。 When these considerations are taken into account, public administration is probably best defined as the practice and study of the professional formulation and influence of public policy and the implementation of such policy on a regular and anized basis on behalf of the public interest of a society its civic subparts, and its citizenry. 當(dāng)考慮到這些問(wèn)題時(shí)，我們也許最好把公共管理定義為：它是對(duì)在有規(guī)則、有組織基礎(chǔ)之上的 職業(yè)構(gòu)想、公共政策影響及對(duì)這種政策實(shí)施的實(shí)踐與研究，公共政策代表一個(gè)社會(huì)、社會(huì)各組成部 分及其平民的公共利益。 There are also devices such as public corporations, quasipublic corporations, publicprivate cooperative enterprises, and government contractual arrangements with nongovernmental anizations to provide certain benefits or perform certain functions. 另外，也有一些其他方法，例如，公益公司、準(zhǔn)公益公司、公私合營(yíng)企業(yè)以及政府與非政府組織的合同 安排，可以提供某些利益或履行某些職能。 因此，通過(guò)價(jià)格機(jī)制與私有部門(mén)行為相競(jìng)爭(zhēng)或提供利益的政府或準(zhǔn)政府組織得以發(fā)展。 At various times in the past of public administration it has see