【正文】 biological characteristics.Enriched (加富）media ：Blood and other special nutrients may be added to general purpose media to encourage the growth of fastidious heterotrophs. These specially fortified media (., blood agar) are called enriched (加富）media.Pure culture: a population of cells arising from a single cell.Pure cultures are so important that the development of pure culture techniques by the German bacteriologist Robert Koch transformed microbiology.The Growth Curve: When microorganisms are cultivated in liquid medium, they usually are grown in a batch culture (分批培養(yǎng)） or closed system. The growth of microorganisms reproducing by binary fission can be plotted as the logarithm of the number of viable cells versus the incubation time, and the resulting curve is called growth curve.The resulting curve has four distinct phases: lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase and death phase.Measurement of Microbial Growth includes: (1) microbial numbers and (2) microbial masses.Methods for estimating microbial numbers fall into two main categories:(1) those that count total cell numbers。比較這四種營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)運(yùn)輸方式的異同；Synthetic medium （合成培養(yǎng)基）：Such a medium in which all ponents are known is a defined medium or synthetic medium.Complex media ：Media that contain some ingredients of unknown chemical position are plex media.Agar（瓊脂） is well suited as a solidifying agent because after it has been melted in boiling water, it can be cooled to about 40 to 42176。 chemotrophs（化能營養(yǎng)型）obtain energy from the oxidation of chemical pounds (either organic or inorganic).The large majority of microorganisms thus far studied are either photolithotrophic autotrophs （光能自養(yǎng)型）or chemoorganotrophic heterotrophs（化能異養(yǎng)型）A substance can be transported across the cell membrane in one of three ways, known as simple diffusion（簡單擴(kuò)散），facilitated diffusion （協(xié)助擴(kuò)散）and active transport（主動運(yùn)輸）。Platform phage：It is the period that all of the host cells are lysated and the valence of virus reaches the apogee.某些噬菌體侵染細(xì)菌后，將自身基因組整合到細(xì)菌細(xì)胞染色體上，隨寄主細(xì)胞分裂而同步復(fù)制，并不引起細(xì)菌裂解釋放噬菌體，因而被稱作溫和噬菌體（temperate phage）溫和性噬菌體和烈性噬菌體生活周期的比較：Prion（阮病毒的概念）：A prion (= proteinaceous infectious particle) is a selfreplicating protein responsible for a range of neurodegenerative disorders in humans and mammals. Inclusion bodies （包涵體的概念）：Inclusion bodies are nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stainable substances, usually proteins. They typically represent sites of viral multiplication in a bacterium or a eukaryotic cell and usually consist of viral capsid proteins. Types of insect viruses（形成包涵體的昆蟲病毒類型）: NPV（核型多角體病毒）, CPV （質(zhì)型多角體病毒）和GV（顆粒型病毒）。 Eclipse period：it is the period from the virus penetrating host cell to the releasing of virion .②裂解期是指溶液中噬菌體粒子急劇增多的一段時(shí)間。4, Assembly。2, Penetration。含有溫和噬菌體的寄主細(xì)胞稱為溶源細(xì)胞或細(xì)胞溶源化。 烈性噬菌體（virulent phages ）：病毒感染宿主細(xì)胞，能在宿主細(xì)胞內(nèi)增殖，產(chǎn)生大量子代噬菌體并引起宿主細(xì)胞裂解的一類噬菌體稱為烈性噬菌體，又稱為毒性噬菌體。 Haustorium（吸器） Life cycle of fungi:In general, the life cycle involves the fusion of hyphae from two individuals, forming a mycelium that contains haploid nuclei of both individuals. The fusion of hyphae is called plasmogamy. The fused hyphae containing haploid nuclei from two individuals is heterokaryotic. In some cases, plasmogamy results in cells with one nucleus from each individual. This condition is called dikaryotic. Eventually, two nuclei that originated from different individuals fuse to form a diploid zygote. Meiosis then produces either four haploid nuclei or four haploid cells. Asexual spores (無性孢子)are formed by the aerial mycelium of one organism. When these spores germinate, they bee organisms that are genetically identical to the parent. Sexual spores (有性孢子) result from the fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains of the same species of fungus. Organisms that grow from sexual spores will have genetic characteristics of both parental strains. VirusVirus（病毒的概念）：Viruses are a unique group of tiny infectious particles that are obligate parasites of cells, are not cells but resemble plex molecules posed of DNA or RNA. Most of them are so small () that an electron microscope is necessary to detect them.Structures of viruses: naked virus (nucleic acid, capsid)。有性孢子的種類和比較（見PPT），無性孢子的種類和比較（見PPT），有性繁殖的三個(gè)過程。 (4) Basidiomycota （擔(dān)子菌亞門，高等真菌） (2) Zygomycota （接合菌亞門，低等真菌） ⑦ More living adaptively in the land .Some fungi have long, branched, threadlike