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20xx年醫(yī)學(xué)專題—美國(guó)仿制藥申報(bào)要求和最新案例分析-雜質(zhì)(參考版)

2024-11-16 05:00本頁(yè)面
  

【正文】 ,。亞異丙基丙酮(mesityl oxide):是從丙酮經(jīng)過(guò)羥醛縮合反應(yīng)而產(chǎn)生的一種有機(jī)揮發(fā)性雜質(zhì)。此雜質(zhì)控制限度符合或緊于美國(guó)藥典要求,也與ICH和原料藥廠家的要求一致。ng)總結(jié),FDA對(duì)藥物雜質(zhì)的控制要求。,內(nèi)容(n232。,謝謝(xi232。民藥集團(tuán)和原料廠商的3個(gè)批號(hào)分析結(jié)果顯示“未檢出”,說(shuō)明符合要求。因此,2氯丙烷控制限度建議為100ppm。低于該限度的基因毒性雜質(zhì)無(wú)須進(jìn)一步論證。在最近幾年,由于這種類型化合物的基因毒性或致癌性,該化合物在藥品中的含量控制已受到相當(dāng)?shù)闹匾?。ng)。從化學(xué)角度來(lái)看,2氯丙烷可由生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中異丙醇和鹽酸的耦合反應(yīng)形成(x237。ng)和控制,在康樂(lè)化學(xué)有限公司生產(chǎn)的某原料藥的篩選試驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)未知峰。,具有基因毒性和致癌性的雜質(zhì)的論證(l249。這些官能團(tuán)包括硝基和亞硝基化合物,環(huán)氧化物,磺酸酯,亞磺酸酯,氯化物等。對(duì)于比終身服藥短的臨床試驗(yàn),可以接受高數(shù)倍的限制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 因?yàn)榉幨且粋€(gè)有意識(shí)的治療過(guò)程,副作用總是伴隨著藥物的治療效用,而藥物的使用期相對(duì)于人類的生存期是短暫的,所以除了極少數(shù)的基因毒性雜質(zhì),這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是可以接受的。ng)(VSD:Virtual Safe Dose)。也就是所謂的有效安全劑量(j236。ng)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的線性外推而得。 TTC是通過(guò)對(duì)700多種致癌物引發(fā)腫瘤超過(guò)50%概率的致癌基劑量(j236。,原料藥與成品(ch233。對(duì)任何可疑的但未知具體毒理的基因毒性雜質(zhì),基于具體藥物的每天最大攝入量以上兩個(gè)指導(dǎo)原則草案都推薦1.5毫克/日作為控制限度。 歐洲醫(yī)藥局(European Medicine Agency, 簡(jiǎn)稱EMEA,Committee for Medical Products for Human Use, 簡(jiǎn)稱CHMP)在2006年就首先頒布了《基因毒性雜質(zhì)限度指南》,并于2007年1月1日起正式實(shí)施。nzh236。ngpǐn)藥中具有基因毒性和致癌性的雜質(zhì),具有基因毒性和致癌性基因毒性的雜質(zhì):可以直接與DNA結(jié)合或通過(guò)影響參與DNA復(fù)制的酶,間接地導(dǎo)致DNA損傷。,第六十六頁(yè),共七十一頁(yè)。該藥的每日最高劑量為10毫克,可認(rèn)為設(shè)置不超過(guò)100ppm(0.01%)的限度恰當(dāng)?shù)乜刂屏嗽撛纤幹械倪@種有機(jī)揮發(fā)性雜質(zhì)(參見(jiàn)下面的計(jì)算公式) 1.5微克/日 亞異丙基丙酮控制限度=———————————— 106=150ppm 10毫克/日 103毫克/毫克 所用的氣相色譜分析(s232。,原料藥中殘留溶劑與有機(jī)(yǒujī)揮發(fā)性雜質(zhì)的控制及其依據(jù),亞異丙基丙酮(mesityl oxide):是從丙酮經(jīng)過(guò)羥醛縮合反應(yīng)而產(chǎn)生的一種有機(jī)揮發(fā)性雜質(zhì)。ngj236。)的控制及其依據(jù),第六十四頁(yè),共七十一頁(yè)。,原料藥中殘留溶劑與有機(jī)揮發(fā)性雜質(zhì)(z225。另外,用不超過(guò)1000ppm的限度來(lái)分別控制原料藥中第三類溶劑丙酮和乙酸乙酯的殘留量,此限度低于ICH指南中的允許限度,與供應(yīng)商的限度也一致,因而是合理的。由于未檢出乙酸乙酯、四氫呋喃、正己烷、甲苯和苯,加上這些是早期合成階段所用的溶劑(苯除外,合成中未使用苯),因此認(rèn)為沒(méi)有必要在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中對(duì)這些殘留溶劑建立控制限度進(jìn)行常規(guī)控制。ng)了其含量。進(jìn)一步使用亞異丙基丙酮參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品對(duì)樣品中的該雜質(zhì)進(jìn)行了定量分析并確定(qu232。d236。然而,卻在樣品中檢測(cè)到了一種未知的有機(jī)揮發(fā)性雜質(zhì)。 研發(fā)氣相色譜測(cè)定方法對(duì)該原料藥的樣品進(jìn)行分析,檢測(cè)苯(甲苯中的一種潛在雜質(zhì))和以上所列的五種可能的殘留溶劑。nli if so it passes.,第六十二頁(yè),共七十一頁(yè)。,Example 1: Option 1 and Option 2, with Acetonitrile,PDE acetonitrile=4.1mg/day, thus Option 1 limits is 410ppm (from Table 2). 5.0g drug product/day. Composed of two excipients,Excipient 1 meets Option 1 limit of 410ppm/day. Drug Substance, excipient 2, and drug product do not meet Option 1 limit of 410ppm/day. Drug product however meets Option 2 limits of 4.1 mg/day.,第六十一頁(yè),共七十一頁(yè)。 第二選擇方法最高允許值 =1000 PDE(毫克/日)/最高日劑量(克/日) =1000 50/0.090=5.56 105ppm 因此,原料藥中的殘留溶劑乙醇的控制限度可以設(shè)定為高于第一選擇方法的限度(5000ppm)。因此,方法1給出的限度是5000ppm。)這個(gè)允許值以及實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)定數(shù)據(jù)而確定。,Option 2 for Determining Levels of Class 2 Residual Solvents in Drug Products,第二選擇方法以“每日允許接觸量”(PDE)和實(shí)際每日最大用藥量來(lái)計(jì)算溶劑的最高允許值。nd249。,第五十八頁(yè),共七十一頁(yè)。yī)選擇限度時(shí)可以采用第二選擇方法來(lái)建立殘留溶劑的限度。 MeOH第一選擇方法最高允許值 =1000微克/毫克PDE(毫克/日)/最高日劑量(克/日) =(1000 30)微克/(10 1000000)微克=3000ppm,第五十七頁(yè),共七十一頁(yè)。)美國(guó)藥典(或ICH Q3C)中標(biāo)13所列的限度來(lái)建立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的溶劑限度。,第五十六頁(yè),共七十一頁(yè)。 仿制藥生產(chǎn)商可選擇直接在產(chǎn)品中檢測(cè),若產(chǎn)品制造過(guò)程中均未使用有機(jī)溶劑,亦可先檢測(cè)原料、輔料的有機(jī)溶劑殘留量,檢測(cè)結(jié)果若較規(guī)定值低,則產(chǎn)品無(wú)須進(jìn)行檢測(cè),若較高,則必須檢測(cè)產(chǎn)品,以證實(shí)制造過(guò)程中有機(jī)溶劑的殘留是否已經(jīng)降到合格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。)的建立,FDA要求所有在制造原料、輔料和產(chǎn)品時(shí)使用或產(chǎn)生的有機(jī)溶劑,其殘留量都必須予以檢測(cè)(jiǎn c232。,殘留溶劑控制限度(xi224。,Limits of Residual Solvents: Class 3,Class 3: 28 solvents Less toxic and of lower risk to human health Unless otherwise stated in the individual monograph, PDE is NMT 50mg/day, corresponding to a concentration limit of 5000ppm for daily doses not greater than 10g of the product If the monograph allows for a concentration resulting in more than 50mg/day, Class 3 solvents must be identified and quantified.,第五十四頁(yè),共七十一頁(yè)。,Table 2. Class 2 Residual Solvents Continued…,第五十二頁(yè),共七十一頁(yè)。,Limits of Residual Solvents: Class 2,Class 2: 26 solvents Class 2 Residual Solvents: should be limited in drug substances, excipients or drug products because of their inherent toxicities. Their levels should be restricted as shown in Table 2. Concentration limits vary between 50 (Methylbutylketone) and 3880 (cyclohexane). When Class 2 residual solvents are used (or produced) in the manufacturing or purification process, they should be identified and quantified.,第五十頁(yè),共七十一頁(yè)。,Limits of Residual Solvents: Class 1,Class 1 Residual solvents (Table 1): Should not be used in the manufacturing of drug substances, excipients or drug products because of unacceptable toxicities or deleterious environmental effects of the residual solvents. However, if there use is unavoidable, their levels should be restricted as shown in Table 1.,第四十八頁(yè),共七十一頁(yè)。,Establishing Exposure Limits (Appendix 3 in the General Chapter),Permitted Daily Exposure (PDE) derived from the Noobservedeffect level (NOEL) in animal studies. For Class 1 solvents, exposure limits are determined using a large safety factor (10,000 to 100,000) For Class 2 solvents, PDE was calculated from NOEL, weight adjustments and correction factors (e.g. extrapolating between species and accounting for variability between individuals),第四十六頁(yè),共七十一頁(yè)。,Supplier,Manufacturers of pharmaceutical products need certain information about the contents of residual solvents in drug substances or excipients in order to meet the criteria of this general chapter. Only Class 3 solvents are likely to be present. Loss on drying is less than 0.5%. Only Class 2 solvents X, Y,…are likely to be present. All are below the Option 1 limit. (Here the supplier would name the Class 2 solvents represented by X, Y, …) Only Class 2 solvents X, Y,…and Class 3 solvents are likely to be present. Residual Class 2 solvents are bellow the Option 1 limit and residual Class 3 solvents are below 0.5%.,第四十四頁(yè),共七十一頁(yè)。 no need for unnecessary testing.,第四十二頁(yè),共七十一頁(yè)。 should be used where practical. [Note: Other solvents may be used but only after approval from a regulatory agency.],第四十一頁(yè),共七十一頁(yè)。 should be avoided, unless their use can be strongly justified in a riskbased assessment. Class 2 Less severe toxicities
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