【正文】 10）英語表達意思時，“繞著說”的現(xiàn)象多，漢語“直言”的現(xiàn)象多。這個例子從反面驗證了一個道理：把英語翻譯成漢語時，不必把每一個主語都翻譯出來?，F(xiàn)在用什么辦法，就不得而知了。但是英語不能這樣，必須明確主語。兩種辦法都是為了彌補漢語中沒有主語的缺陷。Given a relatively stable sown area, China can achieve its desired total grain output target if the annual average increase rate of per unit area yield is one percent from 1996 to2010 and percent from 2011 to 2030. （漢語中，“就可以達到預期的糧食總產(chǎn)量目標”沒有說明主語是誰。What’ so worrisome about the college student who doesn’t know that George Washington was the manding American general at Yorktwon is that he also, therefore, has no idea that it was Washington who manded the Continental Army through eight years in the struggles for independence. 9）英語句子里都有主語，漢語句子的主語常被“隱含”?！馬esearch in Britain has shown that “green consumers” continue to flourish as a significant group amongst shoppers. 英國的研究表明， “綠色消費者”繼續(xù)作為消費者中的一個重要的群體而活躍著。例6. A study of the environmental effects, conducted in 1993, found that the end of fertiliser subsidies had been followed by a fall in fertiliser use ( a fall pounded by the decline in world modity prices, which cut farm ines). 本句里的劃線部分都是“下降”的意思。例5. And indeed since social scientists have had considerable difficulty explaining weightier topics, such as work or politics, it might be thought that they would have great difficulties in accounting for more trivial phenomena such as holidaymaking. 本句里的劃線部分的意思都是“解釋”。例3. Parents are often upset when their children praise the homes of their friends and regard it as a slur on their own cooking, or cleaning, or furniture, and often are foolish enough to let the adolescents see that they are annoyed. 本句里的劃線部分的意思都是“厭煩”。Agency rates and media costs have reached the limit of what many panies are prepared to pay.例1. World food output per head has risen by 4 percent between the 1970s and 1980s mainly as a result of increases in yields from land already in cultivation, but also because more land has been brought under the plough. 本句里的劃線部分的意思都是“因為”。Some water experts are now demanding that existing infrastructure be used in smarter ways rather than building new facilities, which is increasingly considered the option of last, not first, resort.目前，有專家建議：更正確地使用現(xiàn)有的設施，而不是建設新的設施。因此寫英語句子不要“得（漢語之）意忘（英語之）形”?。?資料：英語同一句話用詞不重復的例子：下列句子里有下劃線的單詞，全是同義詞?！璄ach morning when I went out to practice singing in the open air, I took a little basket to scrounge for cinders for our stove. Even when scrounging for cinders, you had to have your wits about you…Because when they found me scavenging, they made trouble, pulling my plait or throwing insects at me，so that the sight of them frightened me away. （漢語的邏輯關系很不清晰，譯成英語時，加了關系詞，使邏輯關系清晰了。At present, the contribution made by science and technology to agriculture accounts for about 35% of the agricultural production increase, while it exceeds 60% in the agriculturally asvanced countries. (前后半句顯然具有相反對比的關系，因此英語里加了while)例5．早晨去喊嗓子，我?guī)е粋€小籃拾煤核，為了回家取暖。As we chatted, a brightly painted sardine boat dropped anchor. （英語句子加上了as）例3．中國將努力促進國內(nèi)糧食生產(chǎn)，在正常情況下，糧食自給率不低于95%，凈進口量不超過國內(nèi)消費量的5%。例如：例1．我的文章就像一個丑八怪，不打扮，看起來還順眼。英語句子的邏輯外顯，思維的過程必須用表示邏輯發(fā)展關系的連接詞表現(xiàn)出來，而漢語則常常把連接詞“隱含”起來。表示“寶塔”時，用了pagoda和building，但是，漢語一律多次使用“寶塔”這個詞。例21．Another strange feature of the Japanese pagoda is that, because the building tapers, with each successive floor plan being smaller than the one below, none of the vertical pillars that carry the weight of the building is connected to its corresponding pillar above. 日本寶塔的另一個奇異的特點是：由于寶塔向上漸小，且每層樓的平面圖都小于下邊的樓層，承載寶塔重量的立柱中沒有一個與其上邊對應的柱子連接。（這句話里，漢語重復了“不準”，而這種重復在英語里幾乎是不允許的。（原文中的in it等于in English grammar。(原文中one that does not等于one paragraph that does not outline the main points。）例16．A few other creatures yield oil, but none so much as the ，但都沒有鯨魚出得多。封箱回戲，等于演員門封嘴大家可苦了。）例14．I remember where a toad may live and what time the birds awaken in the summerand what tree and seasons smelled likehow people looked and walked and smelled ，鳥雀夏天早晨什么時候醒來——我還記得樹木和不同季節(jié)特有的氣息——記得人們的容貌、走路的姿態(tài)、甚至身上的氣味。吃過早餐，就出來坐在宮門的臺階上，欣賞宮門口那一座大花壇，… I would often stand at the table, having my simple breakfast──a bar of chocolate. After that, I would often e out and sit on the steps at the entrance of the palace, enjoying the big flower beds near the gate…（第二句里的“吃過早餐”顯然指前一句的“吃我的簡單早餐”?；氐郊依?，打開一看…Clutching my gown to my heart, I flew home, and there, unfolding it,…（there 代替了home）例11．有些動物也出油，但都沒有鯨魚出得多。）例9．這一部分的目的是讓讀者能模擬你所進行的試驗，假如他想借此證實或反駁你的結(jié)論的話。She usually has a short rest after lunch, as is her habit.（as代替了前邊整個一句）例8．按照《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》的規(guī)定，中國還對廣闊的大陸架和專屬經(jīng)濟區(qū)行使主權(quán)權(quán)利和管轄權(quán)。科羅拉多也下雨。It is clear that fish have sometimes shown their ability to gain knowledge as man does. （does代替了gain knowledge）例5．她的衣服漂亮，瑪麗的也漂亮。Hollywood made a lot of money from movies based on the assumption that alien lifeforms exist。例如：例1．鉆探石油的人如果在一個地方得不到預期的結(jié)果，就到另一個地方去鉆探。例如：例1．Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao delivers a report on the work of the government to the Fourth Session of the Tenth National Peopl’s Congress (NPC) of China at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing March 5, 2006.（中國政府官方網(wǎng)站2006年3月5日）例2．Johnson signed the contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller Robert Dosley at a breakfast held at the Golden Anchor Inn near Holborn Bar on 18 June 1764.7）英語一般不重復，代稱用得多，不但名詞可以用代詞來替代，動詞、形容詞、副詞和整個句子都可以有相應的詞來替代。When the whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either on board ship or on shore. 6）英語里，一般先說動作，再說動作發(fā)生的地點、時間、條件、方式等。它說明英語的一個“執(zhí)拗”的“脾氣”——丁是丁，卯是卯，絕不含糊。The situation has gone from bad to worse. 5）英語里被動語態(tài)用得多，漢語里被動式用得少。例1．他不是那塊料。In modern times, the frequent bullying and humiliation by imperialist powers once weakened China. However, after a hundred years’ struggle of the entire Chinese nation, China has stood up again as a giant.例8．我國先秦思想家就提出了“親仁善鄰，國之寶也”的思想，反映了自古以來中國人民就希望天下太平、同各國人民友好相處。例6．他們看見女孩拾煤核就搗亂，揪我的小辮，向我身上扔蟲子，嚇得我看見他們就躲。The pedestrian, after another pace or two, halted, and turned round. 例4．He occasionally gave a smart nod, as if in confirmation of some opinion, though he was not thinking of anything in ，他就輕快地把