【正文】 （以下是我一個(gè)書稿的一個(gè)章節(jié)，供參考。各位可以任意轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)。）龔學(xué)眾，資深翻譯、中國(guó)翻譯協(xié)會(huì)“專家會(huì)員”、資深留學(xué)文書撰稿人、資深英語全科教學(xué)專家、“鐵人教育工作室”法人代表。一九八四年畢業(yè)于原解放軍南京外國(guó)語學(xué)院（現(xiàn)解放軍南京國(guó)際關(guān)系學(xué)院）。先后任教于空軍某航空學(xué)院、清華大學(xué)、北京大學(xué)、北京外國(guó)語大學(xué)、外交學(xué)院、北京新東方學(xué)校等十六所大學(xué)和培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)。先后擔(dān)任2010/2011/2012/2013年度“中央電視臺(tái)英語演講風(fēng)采大賽”評(píng)委。倡導(dǎo)用“鐵人精神”學(xué)習(xí)技藝，主張“系統(tǒng)、扎實(shí)、認(rèn)真”的學(xué)風(fēng)和教風(fēng)。出版著作：《劍橋雅思閱讀詞典——《劍1》到《劍8》閱讀文章疑難詞匯釋義》（中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社）、《雅思滿分作文“生產(chǎn)線”教程》（中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社）、《雅思閱讀900句》（中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社）、《英漢翻譯一本通》（中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社）、《雅思聽力直奔九分》（中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社）、《劍橋雅思閱讀句式語料庫(kù)》（中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社）、《雅思作文范文及學(xué)生習(xí)作評(píng)析》（中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社）、《大學(xué)英語六級(jí)作文怎樣得滿分》（國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社）、《大學(xué)英語四級(jí)作文怎樣得滿分》（國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社）。博客：。 第二章 認(rèn)識(shí)英語與漢語的區(qū)別 什么是“倒金字塔結(jié)構(gòu)”長(zhǎng)期的英語應(yīng)用和教學(xué)中，我總結(jié)出了英語在句子層面上的檔次——英語句子的“倒金字塔結(jié)構(gòu)”： 第四層次: 語法 + 結(jié)構(gòu) + 邏輯 + 文化第三層次: 語法 + 結(jié)構(gòu) + 邏輯 第二層次: 語法 + 結(jié)構(gòu)第一層次: 語法這種“倒金字塔結(jié)構(gòu)”，正是英語學(xué)習(xí)者要爬的臺(tái)階或努力的方向。“倒金字塔結(jié)構(gòu)”各層次內(nèi)涵1）第一層次——語法它要求，你寫出的句子至少應(yīng)該沒有語法錯(cuò)誤，否則，你就不具有基本的表達(dá)能力?？纯聪逻呂业膶W(xué)生們?cè)谧鳂I(yè)中寫的一些句子，想想你自己是否也會(huì)寫出類似的句子：, an increasing number of people choose to study abroad. Attitudes toward it differ widely. I hold the opinion that it is not only an opportunity, but also a challenge. 分析：it指代不明確。It有兩個(gè)功能，代替某個(gè)詞或某個(gè)句子。它的前面有opinion、attitudes和number of people，it指的是哪一個(gè)呢？看句子的意思，猜測(cè)it指的是study abroad。但是，靠讀者或考官猜測(cè)你的意思可不行，你要自己寫清楚。更正：Nowadays, an increasing number of people choose to study abroad. Attitudes toward it differ widely. I hold the opinion that studying abroad is not only an opportunity but also a challenge. 例2．According to the education, more and more students, when they graduate from high school, they attend to go to college or university. 分析：According to the education沒有表達(dá)任何信息?！璽hey attend to go to college or university里邊多了一個(gè)主語they。attend to go to college or university里的attend和go to college意思重疊。更正：According to statistics, more and more students, after graduating from high school, attend colleges and universities.例3．…in campus we can make a lot of new friends which is as important as learning knowledge. 分析：作者不會(huì)使用非限定性定語從句。更正：…on campus we can make a lot of new friends, which is as important as learning knowledge.例4．Nowadays, university bees much popular that more and more people choosing to attend it.分析：作者句子能力相當(dāng)差，缺乏起碼的語法知識(shí)。更正：Nowadays, universities bee so popular that more and more people choose to attend them.例5．People will have some good experience which will help you a lot in your life…分析：people是第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)，后邊的you和your與它不一致。 更正：People will have some good experience which will help them a lot in their life…例6．There are many other reasons can support my point 分析：劃線部分是謂語重疊。更正：There are many other reasons that can support my point.例7．The people who have been worked for several years…分析：被動(dòng)語態(tài)用錯(cuò)了。更正：The people who have been working for several years…例8．Although we cannot live without money, but there are some more meaningful things than money as the purposes in getting an education.分析：although與but不能同時(shí)聯(lián)用。更正： Although we cannot live without money, there are some more meaningful things than money as the purposes in getting an education.例9．I am sorry for that I can’t return the books in time.分析：for是多余的。更正：I am sorry that I cannot return the books in time. borrowed some books from the school library on last Monday.分析：on是多余的。更正：I borrowed some books from the school library last Monday.2）第二層次——語法+結(jié)構(gòu) 語法上正確的句子，未必是好的句子，有時(shí)可能問題更嚴(yán)重。例1：These monthly meetingsgive them a rare chance to pause from a busy schedule and scientific conversations—an opportunity to think more deeply about their profession.（這些會(huì)議給了他們一個(gè)難得的機(jī)會(huì)——一個(gè)深入反思自己的專業(yè)的機(jī)會(huì)，以使他們可以暫時(shí)撇開繁忙的工作和終日枯燥的行話。）這個(gè)句子里，an opportunity to think more deeply about their profession 是a rare chance的同位語，按照常理應(yīng)該緊緊地跟在chance后邊，得到：These monthly meetings give them a rare chance—an opportunity to think more deeply about their profession to pause from a busy schedule and scientific conversations。這樣寫，會(huì)讓人誤以為to pause from a busy schedule and scientific conversations是profession 的后置定語。把a(bǔ)n opportunity to think more deeply about their profession移到后邊以后，可以清晰地看出to pause from a busy schedule and scientific conversations是give them a rare chance的目的狀語。同樣道理，也只有知道了這句話里同位語的移動(dòng)并在翻譯成漢語時(shí)把a(bǔ)n opportunity to think more deeply about their profession主觀地還原到它原來的地方，才能翻譯得正確。例2．Similar attitudes have been noted by James (1989), who noted that sick leave is seen by many workers as a right, like annual holiday leave. 這句話可以改寫成：James, who noted that sick leave is seen by many workers as a right (like annual holiday leave), has noted similar attitudes (1989). 這樣的句子，語法上沒有錯(cuò)誤，但是十分蹩腳。例3．Unfortunately, they are the ones the organization can least affort to lose—those with the highest skills and experience. 本句里，those with the highest skills and experience是they的同位語。本句可以改為：Unfortunately, they—those with the highest skills and experience—are the ones the organization can least affort to lose. 但是這樣的句子，不會(huì)被英國(guó)人接受的。例4．After this technique had been invented, it was only a matter of time before weapon designers adapted it for the detection of submarines. 該技術(shù)發(fā)明后，武器設(shè)計(jì)者將其改裝用于探測(cè)潛水艇之前，就只是個(gè)時(shí)間問題了。本句的英語和漢語譯文表明了英漢句子結(jié)構(gòu)的一個(gè)顯著的區(qū)別：漢語可以將若干個(gè)狀語堆砌在主句的前邊，但是英語不能這樣，否則會(huì)形成一個(gè)“戴大帽子”的句子，頭重腳輕，不符合英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)習(xí)慣的要求。例5．We hail as masterpieces the cave paintings in southern France and elsewhere, dating back some 20,000 years. 本句等于We hail the cave paintings in southern France and elsewhere as masterpieces, dating back some 20,000 years.One possibility relates to the ATPmaking machinery39。s emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such agerelated diseases as cancer by damaging cells. For a long time in the past, even scientists were so puzzled at the phenomenon that it was called a “magic mirror”. Today, reproductions of this mirror are being made and sold as souvenirs and they appealed very much to foreign tourists. 如果把 and they 改為which，是否更好呢？Without a steady supply of fresh blood, without the oxygen it carries, the human brain is quickly impared. 句首堆砌了兩個(gè)狀語，不好。改為Without a steady supply of fresh blood and without the oxygen it carries,并進(jìn)一步改為Without a steady supply of fresh blood and the oxygen it carries，更好。信陽南臨武漢，北倚