【正文】 （以下是我一個書稿的一個章節(jié)，供參考。各位可以任意轉發(fā)。）龔學眾，資深翻譯、中國翻譯協會“專家會員”、資深留學文書撰稿人、資深英語全科教學專家、“鐵人教育工作室”法人代表。一九八四年畢業(yè)于原解放軍南京外國語學院（現解放軍南京國際關系學院）。先后任教于空軍某航空學院、清華大學、北京大學、北京外國語大學、外交學院、北京新東方學校等十六所大學和培訓機構。先后擔任2010/2011/2012/2013年度“中央電視臺英語演講風采大賽”評委。倡導用“鐵人精神”學習技藝，主張“系統(tǒng)、扎實、認真”的學風和教風。出版著作：《劍橋雅思閱讀詞典——《劍1》到《劍8》閱讀文章疑難詞匯釋義》（中國人民大學出版社）、《雅思滿分作文“生產線”教程》（中國人民大學出版社）、《雅思閱讀900句》（中國人民大學出版社）、《英漢翻譯一本通》（中國人民大學出版社）、《雅思聽力直奔九分》（中國人民大學出版社）、《劍橋雅思閱讀句式語料庫》（中國人民大學出版社）、《雅思作文范文及學生習作評析》（中國人民大學出版社）、《大學英語六級作文怎樣得滿分》（國防工業(yè)出版社）、《大學英語四級作文怎樣得滿分》（國防工業(yè)出版社）。博客：。 第二章 認識英語與漢語的區(qū)別 什么是“倒金字塔結構”長期的英語應用和教學中，我總結出了英語在句子層面上的檔次——英語句子的“倒金字塔結構”： 第四層次: 語法 + 結構 + 邏輯 + 文化第三層次: 語法 + 結構 + 邏輯 第二層次: 語法 + 結構第一層次: 語法這種“倒金字塔結構”，正是英語學習者要爬的臺階或努力的方向?！暗菇鹱炙Y構”各層次內涵1）第一層次——語法它要求，你寫出的句子至少應該沒有語法錯誤，否則，你就不具有基本的表達能力。看看下邊我的學生們在作業(yè)中寫的一些句子，想想你自己是否也會寫出類似的句子：, an increasing number of people choose to study abroad. Attitudes toward it differ widely. I hold the opinion that it is not only an opportunity, but also a challenge. 分析：it指代不明確。It有兩個功能，代替某個詞或某個句子。它的前面有opinion、attitudes和number of people，it指的是哪一個呢？看句子的意思，猜測it指的是study abroad。但是，靠讀者或考官猜測你的意思可不行，你要自己寫清楚。更正：Nowadays, an increasing number of people choose to study abroad. Attitudes toward it differ widely. I hold the opinion that studying abroad is not only an opportunity but also a challenge. 例2．According to the education, more and more students, when they graduate from high school, they attend to go to college or university. 分析：According to the education沒有表達任何信息。…they attend to go to college or university里邊多了一個主語they。attend to go to college or university里的attend和go to college意思重疊。更正：According to statistics, more and more students, after graduating from high school, attend colleges and universities.例3．…in campus we can make a lot of new friends which is as important as learning knowledge. 分析：作者不會使用非限定性定語從句。更正：…on campus we can make a lot of new friends, which is as important as learning knowledge.例4．Nowadays, university bees much popular that more and more people choosing to attend it.分析：作者句子能力相當差，缺乏起碼的語法知識。更正：Nowadays, universities bee so popular that more and more people choose to attend them.例5．People will have some good experience which will help you a lot in your life…分析：people是第三人稱復數，后邊的you和your與它不一致。 更正：People will have some good experience which will help them a lot in their life…例6．There are many other reasons can support my point 分析：劃線部分是謂語重疊。更正：There are many other reasons that can support my point.例7．The people who have been worked for several years…分析：被動語態(tài)用錯了。更正：The people who have been working for several years…例8．Although we cannot live without money, but there are some more meaningful things than money as the purposes in getting an education.分析：although與but不能同時聯用。更正： Although we cannot live without money, there are some more meaningful things than money as the purposes in getting an education.例9．I am sorry for that I can’t return the books in time.分析：for是多余的。更正：I am sorry that I cannot return the books in time. borrowed some books from the school library on last Monday.分析：on是多余的。更正：I borrowed some books from the school library last Monday.2）第二層次——語法+結構 語法上正確的句子，未必是好的句子，有時可能問題更嚴重。例1：These monthly meetingsgive them a rare chance to pause from a busy schedule and scientific conversations—an opportunity to think more deeply about their profession.（這些會議給了他們一個難得的機會——一個深入反思自己的專業(yè)的機會，以使他們可以暫時撇開繁忙的工作和終日枯燥的行話。）這個句子里，an opportunity to think more deeply about their profession 是a rare chance的同位語，按照常理應該緊緊地跟在chance后邊，得到：These monthly meetings give them a rare chance—an opportunity to think more deeply about their profession to pause from a busy schedule and scientific conversations。這樣寫，會讓人誤以為to pause from a busy schedule and scientific conversations是profession 的后置定語。把an opportunity to think more deeply about their profession移到后邊以后，可以清晰地看出to pause from a busy schedule and scientific conversations是give them a rare chance的目的狀語。同樣道理，也只有知道了這句話里同位語的移動并在翻譯成漢語時把an opportunity to think more deeply about their profession主觀地還原到它原來的地方，才能翻譯得正確。例2．Similar attitudes have been noted by James (1989), who noted that sick leave is seen by many workers as a right, like annual holiday leave. 這句話可以改寫成：James, who noted that sick leave is seen by many workers as a right (like annual holiday leave), has noted similar attitudes (1989). 這樣的句子，語法上沒有錯誤，但是十分蹩腳。例3．Unfortunately, they are the ones the organization can least affort to lose—those with the highest skills and experience. 本句里，those with the highest skills and experience是they的同位語。本句可以改為：Unfortunately, they—those with the highest skills and experience—are the ones the organization can least affort to lose. 但是這樣的句子，不會被英國人接受的。例4．After this technique had been invented, it was only a matter of time before weapon designers adapted it for the detection of submarines. 該技術發(fā)明后，武器設計者將其改裝用于探測潛水艇之前，就只是個時間問題了。本句的英語和漢語譯文表明了英漢句子結構的一個顯著的區(qū)別：漢語可以將若干個狀語堆砌在主句的前邊，但是英語不能這樣，否則會形成一個“戴大帽子”的句子，頭重腳輕，不符合英語的句子結構習慣的要求。例5．We hail as masterpieces the cave paintings in southern France and elsewhere, dating back some 20,000 years. 本句等于We hail the cave paintings in southern France and elsewhere as masterpieces, dating back some 20,000 years.One possibility relates to the ATPmaking machinery39。s emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such agerelated diseases as cancer by damaging cells. For a long time in the past, even scientists were so puzzled at the phenomenon that it was called a “magic mirror”. Today, reproductions of this mirror are being made and sold as souvenirs and they appealed very much to foreign tourists. 如果把 and they 改為which，是否更好呢？Without a steady supply of fresh blood, without the oxygen it carries, the human brain is quickly impared. 句首堆砌了兩個狀語，不好。改為Without a steady supply of fresh blood and without the oxygen it carries,并進一步改為Without a steady supply of fresh blood and the oxygen it carries，更好。信陽南臨武漢，北倚