【正文】 the agriculturally asvanced countries. (前后半句顯然具有相反對(duì)比的關(guān)系，因此英語(yǔ)里加了while)例5．早晨去喊嗓子，我?guī)е粋€(gè)小籃拾煤核，為了回家取暖。拾煤核也要放聰明點(diǎn)，…他們看見(jiàn)女孩拾煤核就搗亂，揪我的小辮，向我身上扔蟲(chóng)子，嚇得我看見(jiàn)他們就躲。…Each morning when I went out to practice singing in the open air, I took a little basket to scrounge for cinders for our stove. Even when scrounging for cinders, you had to have your wits about you…Because when they found me scavenging, they made trouble, pulling my plait or throwing insects at me，so that the sight of them frightened me away. （漢語(yǔ)的邏輯關(guān)系很不清晰，譯成英語(yǔ)時(shí)，加了關(guān)系詞，使邏輯關(guān)系清晰了。）（英語(yǔ)如妖艷的貴婦人，打扮精細(xì)到每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，漢語(yǔ)像內(nèi)涵深刻、言簡(jiǎn)意賅、神閑氣靜的博學(xué)之士，不必事事言出。因此寫(xiě)英語(yǔ)句子不要“得（漢語(yǔ)之）意忘（英語(yǔ)之）形”?。?資料：英語(yǔ)同一句話用詞不重復(fù)的例子：下列句子里有下劃線的單詞，全是同義詞。對(duì)比漢語(yǔ)翻譯，您可以看出英語(yǔ)在同一句話里不重復(fù)用詞的“執(zhí)拗”的特點(diǎn)。Some water experts are now demanding that existing infrastructure be used in smarter ways rather than building new facilities, which is increasingly considered the option of last, not first, resort.目前，有專家建議：更正確地使用現(xiàn)有的設(shè)施，而不是建設(shè)新的設(shè)施。這越來(lái)越被認(rèn)為是首選而非最后的選擇了。Agency rates and media costs have reached the limit of what many panies are prepared to pay.例1. World food output per head has risen by 4 percent between the 1970s and 1980s mainly as a result of increases in yields from land already in cultivation, but also because more land has been brought under the plough. 本句里的劃線部分的意思都是“因?yàn)椤薄＠?. National governments, by and large, kept a much firmer hand on truck and railroad tariffs than on charges for ocean freight.本句里的劃線部分的意思都是“費(fèi)用”。例3. Parents are often upset when their children praise the homes of their friends and regard it as a slur on their own cooking, or cleaning, or furniture, and often are foolish enough to let the adolescents see that they are annoyed. 本句里的劃線部分的意思都是“厭煩”。例4. （選自《新概念英語(yǔ)》第四冊(cè)第34課）Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realized how much belief their children usually have in their character and infallibility, and how much this faith means to a child.本句里的劃線部分的意思都是“信任”。例5. And indeed since social scientists have had considerable difficulty explaining weightier topics, such as work or politics, it might be thought that they would have great difficulties in accounting for more trivial phenomena such as holidaymaking. 本句里的劃線部分的意思都是“解釋”。例6. The latter, which multiply rapidly in early spring, produce two to five generations annually. 本句里的劃線部分的意思都是“繁殖”。例6. A study of the environmental effects, conducted in 1993, found that the end of fertiliser subsidies had been followed by a fall in fertiliser use ( a fall pounded by the decline in world modity prices, which cut farm ines). 本句里的劃線部分都是“下降”的意思?！馎s the scheme progressed, it became harder to secure prizes and this contributed to the program’s losing momentum and finally ceasing.●A 1993 study by the European Federation for Transport and Environment found that car transport is seven times as costly as rail travel in terms of the external social costs it entails such as congestion, accidents, pollution, loss of cropland and natural habitats, depletion of oil resources, and so on. 歐洲交通與環(huán)境聯(lián)盟1993年進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn)，就所遭受的客觀的社會(huì)損失（如擁塞、污染、農(nóng)田和自然棲息地的消失、自然資源的損耗等）而言，汽車交通比軌道交通的代價(jià)高出六倍。●Research in Britain has shown that “green consumers” continue to flourish as a significant group amongst shoppers. 英國(guó)的研究表明， “綠色消費(fèi)者”繼續(xù)作為消費(fèi)者中的一個(gè)重要的群體而活躍著。The objective of the Human Genome Project is simple to state, but audacious in scope: to map and analyze every single gene within the double helix of humanity’s DNA. ●In addition the conversation used to prepare the budgeted accounts are those monly applied to the preparation of accounts for publication. ●Other detractors might argue that in certain academic areas, particularly the arts and humanities, research and intellectually inquiry amount to little more than a personal quest for happiness or pleasure. Historyteaches and reinforces what we believe in , what we stand for, and what we ought to be willing to stand up for. What is so worrisome about the college student who dosen’t know that George Washington was the manding American general at Yorktown is that he also, therefore, has no ideal that it was Washington who manded the Continental Army through eight long years in the struggle for independence. For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. 例如，視力對(duì)于居住在清澈水域里的物種顯然比生活在混濁的河水和平原上泛濫洪水中的物種更有用。What’ so worrisome about the college student who doesn’t know that George Washington was the manding American general at Yorktwon is that he also, therefore, has no idea that it was Washington who manded the Continental Army through eight years in the struggles for independence. 9）英語(yǔ)句子里都有主語(yǔ)，漢語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ)常被“隱含”。例1．在播種面積相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的前提下，只要1996——2010年糧食單產(chǎn)年均遞增1%， 2010——%, 就可以達(dá)到預(yù)期的糧食總產(chǎn)量目標(biāo)。Given a relatively stable sown area, China can achieve its desired total grain output target if the annual average increase rate of per unit area yield is one percent from 1996 to2010 and percent from 2011 to 2030. （漢語(yǔ)中，“就可以達(dá)到預(yù)期的糧食總產(chǎn)量目標(biāo)”沒(méi)有說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)是誰(shuí)。但是，根據(jù)上下文，可知這個(gè)主語(yǔ)是“中國(guó)”，因此翻譯為China can achieve its desired total grain output target；也可以把“就可以達(dá)到預(yù)期的糧食總產(chǎn)量目標(biāo)”翻譯為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，得到the desired total grain output can be achieved。兩種辦法都是為了彌補(bǔ)漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)的缺陷。此處的“沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)”其實(shí)是說(shuō)，因?yàn)榍昂箨P(guān)系很明顯，所以主語(yǔ)被“隱含”了。但是英語(yǔ)不能這樣，必須明確主語(yǔ)。）例2．They used this kind of scare tactic when I was growing up. I wonder what they use today. 我小的時(shí)候，他們用過(guò)這種嚇唬人的辦法。現(xiàn)在用什么辦法，就不得而知了。（英語(yǔ)I wonder what they use today里的they到了漢語(yǔ)里，被“隱含”了，因?yàn)?，前邊說(shuō)過(guò)They，再提到時(shí)就不重復(fù)說(shuō)“他們”了。這個(gè)例子從反面驗(yàn)證了一個(gè)道理：把英語(yǔ)翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，不必把每一個(gè)主語(yǔ)都翻譯出來(lái)。）本句漢語(yǔ)里顯然沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)，只有通過(guò)上下文才知道主語(yǔ)是“中國(guó)”，因此在寫(xiě)成英語(yǔ)的時(shí)候加上主語(yǔ)。10）英語(yǔ)表達(dá)意思時(shí)，“繞著說(shuō)”的現(xiàn)象多，漢語(yǔ)“直言”的現(xiàn)象多。例1．This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the ‘happy few’ during the past centuries. 例2．Impossible is nothing.例3．He has not been here until 9 pm.例4．No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to “buy” an education for his child.例5．Unfort