【導(dǎo)讀】隱喻不僅是語言現(xiàn)象，而且是一種思維方式，是人類生存和認(rèn)知的基本方式之一，它根植于語言、思維和文化中。翻譯是一種跨文化交流，而隱喻作為生動的語言，無疑是文化的一面鏡子。德國翻譯理論家施萊爾馬赫提出，翻譯的途徑只有兩種：一種是盡可能讓作者居安不動，而引導(dǎo)讀者去接近作者；一種是盡可能讓讀者居安不動，而引導(dǎo)作者去接近讀者，后來就衍生為異化和歸化。本文主要討論歸化和異化的具體翻譯方法和對隱喻概念域的三種劃分，并通過對這兩個(gè)問題的探討分析歸化和異化策略在隱喻翻譯中的應(yīng)用。在隱喻翻譯過程中并沒有絕對的歸化或異化，只要譯者能很好的傳遞原文信息，這就是一個(gè)成功的翻譯。

　　

【正文】 d religious beliefs. Differences in GeographyUnder the influences of climate, geographical environment and natural product, Chinese and English metaphors have different expressions. England is an island, surrounded by sea, and Englishman like voyage, so there are many idioms and proverbs relating to ship, fish, water and sea in English. For example: “to drink like a fish”(牛飲),”to spend money like water”(揮金如土), but China is a large agricultural country, so there are many idioms and proverbs relating to agriculture. In addition, the Chinese used to farm with cattle, while the Englishman with horse, so there are such kind of expressions:“吹牛“(talk horse),“像老黃牛一樣干活”(work as a horse). For the low production level, eating is a big problem to the Chinese, so there are many metaphors relating to food. For example:“丟了飯碗”，“酒囊飯袋”. Such kind of expressions can not be found in English. Potato is one of the staple foods in English speaking countries, so they always use potato to refer to people and things, such as “big potato”（大人物），“hot potato”（棘手的問題）, but in Chinese, we don’t have such expressions. Differences in CultureThere are many differences between Chinese and English culture, but the differences that result in difficulties of metaphor translation mainly lie on different understandings about the same thing. Dragon exists in both Chinese and English culture. In English, dragon is a disgusting reptile, but in ancient China, dragon is the symbol of the emperor, so there are many mendatory expressions relating to it, such as“龍顏”，“望子成龍”. The same thing is true about our understanding about dog. In the west, dogs are the loyal friends of people, but in our country, dogs always give people a bad impression. In Chinese, there is“狗崽子”(son of bitch), While in English, there is ”lucky dog”（幸運(yùn)兒）.Stories based on real historical events and folklores reflect deep cultural deposit, so they always act like the lion in the way in metaphor translation, and they are the main blockage for foreign language learners. One of the problems resulted from this issue is that every country has its own famous figures, and many metaphors are about such persons, such as“說曹操曹操到”(talk of the devil and he will appear). Differences in Religious BeliefsThe religion we believe in is Buddhism, so we are so familiar with Bodhisattva, temple and so on. To Chinese, the most powerful thing is the Heaven. When we see something unbelievable, the phrase es to our mouth will be“哦，天吶”, and there are different Bodhisattva, who can protect us in different areas. For example, in spring festival, we often paste the doorgod on the door to keep the devils away from our families. However, in most English speaking countries, people believe in Christianity, and Jesus is their god, so cross and church are popular. The Bible plays an important role in their lives. If they do something wrong, reading this book is a means of atoning, and many metaphors are from the book, such as “the forbidden fruit”. Of course, in addition to Jesus, they have other gods, who e from ancient Greek mythology, such as Mars, Athena and so on. A typical example which can show the differences in religious beliefs is that we always translate“成事在人，謀事在天”into “man proposes, god disposes”.Metaphor is a good device to express feelings, bringing us vivid images and it’s based on the imagination that everything has some mon characteristics, but for different natural environments, social background and customs in different countries, there are different parisons and imaginations, so to translators, metaphor translation is a difficult job. In the following parts, we will discuss how to make a successful translation of metaphor under the guidance of domestication and foreignization. IV. The Application of Domestication and Foreignization in the Translation of MetaphorIn the previous sections, translation methods of domestication and foreignization as well as three categories of metaphor translation have been reviewed in details. In this part, different methods will be applied to the translation of metaphor by exemplification. The Equivalent Mapping of the Conceptual Domains of Metaphor: Literal TranslationSuch kind of metaphor is always literally translated by looking for the same images in the target language. This issue will be discussed with some examples.Generally, we translate “sour grape” into”酸葡萄”. Although the story about “sour grape” es from Aesop’s Fables, it’s not difficult for Chinese to understand the phrase. A hungry fox saw bunches of grapes hanging on the vines. The crystal grapes made his mouth water and he wanted to pick them, but the grapes were unavailable, so he told himself that the grapes were sour. If a person cannot get something he desires, he will tell himself and other people it’s not a good thing. This is a mon mental characteristic of human beings, no matter where you are.We all know “pour oil on fire” means“火上澆油”, which is used to describe a worse situation after some remedial measures are taken. It is known to all that oil can make fire heavier, so the metaphor based on physical phenomenon is easy to translate.Chairman Mao had a famous saying that “all the reactionaries are the Papertiger” when he met American journalist Anna Louise Strong in 1946. From then on, Papertiger is widely used at home and abroad. It is translated into“紙老虎”vividly, which refers to the person who is strong outside but weak inside. The Domesticating Mapping of the Conceptual Domains of MetaphorIn this part, three methods are used to explain the issue, including free translation, cultural substitution and ellipsis. Free TranslationThere are some metaphors relating to geography. If we literally translate them, it will be difficult for the target readers to understand. For example, “to carry coals to Newcastle”, which can be literally translated into“運(yùn)煤到紐爾卡斯”. A Chinese will only see it as a mon sentence without any i