【導(dǎo)讀】就目前的小區(qū)來(lái)看，由于一般住宅小區(qū)的車(chē)位設(shè)置在項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)和規(guī)劃階段就已經(jīng)確定了數(shù)量，因此在已經(jīng)建設(shè)成的住宅小區(qū)中再設(shè)置機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)位，實(shí)際上是很難有所作為了。因此車(chē)位的緊缺就成為今后長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)的業(yè)主的一大生活難題和物業(yè)管理公司管理難點(diǎn)了，建造立體鋼結(jié)構(gòu)車(chē)庫(kù)就是解決停車(chē)位不足的可靠的途徑之一。本文簡(jiǎn)要介紹了各類(lèi)停車(chē)庫(kù)的結(jié)構(gòu)和特點(diǎn)以及小區(qū)車(chē)庫(kù)的發(fā)展概況，并對(duì)立體停車(chē)庫(kù)的設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)要的說(shuō)明，重點(diǎn)介紹了立體停車(chē)庫(kù)升降橫移的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和停車(chē)設(shè)備傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)。立體停車(chē)庫(kù)按建筑形式分為獨(dú)立式和內(nèi)置式兩種，獨(dú)立停車(chē)建筑適用于地下停車(chē)廣場(chǎng)和現(xiàn)有建筑群補(bǔ)建停車(chē)設(shè)施，規(guī)劃建設(shè)時(shí)應(yīng)注意與其周?chē)ㄖ嗳诤希谠试S條件時(shí)，可以利用外墻面布置商業(yè)或公益廣告，美化環(huán)境，提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益?，F(xiàn)代停車(chē)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展已經(jīng)初具規(guī)模，并積極擴(kuò)展停車(chē)設(shè)施的輔助功能，為社區(qū)提供多種服務(wù)。

　　

【正文】 der for the process to be utilized effectively and economically. Certain dimensional tolerances can dictate the any case, in the sequence of converting the design into reality, such decisions must be made by most instances they can be made most effectively at the design stage,by the designer if he has a reasonably adequate knowledge concerning materials and manufacturing processes. Otherwise, decisions may be made that will detract from the effectiveness of the product, or the product may be needlessly costly. It is thus apparent that design engineers ate a vital factor in the manufacturing process,and it is indeed a blessing to the pany if they can design for producibilitythat is,for effcient production. Manufacturing engineers select and coordinate specific processes and equipment to be used,or supervise and manage their use. Some design special tooling that is used so that standard machines can be utilized in producing products. These engineers must have a broad knowledge of machine and process capabilities and of materials,so that desired operation can be done effectively and efficiently without overloading or damaging machines and without adversely affecting the materials being processed. These manufacturing engineers also play an important role in manufacturing. A relatively small group of engineers design the machines and equipment uesd in manufacturing. They obviously ate design engineers and ,relative to their products,they have the same concerns of the interrelationship of design, materials, and manufacturing , they have an even greater concern regarding the properties of the materials that their machines are going to process and the inter reaction of the material and the machines. Still another group of engineersthe materials engineersdevote their major efforts toward developing new and better materials. They ,too,must be concerned with how these materials can be processed and with the effects the processing will have on the properties of the materials. Although their toles may be quite different,it is apparent that a large proportion of engineers must concern themselves with the interrelationship between materials and manufacturing processes. Lowcost manufacture does not just happen. There is a close and interdependent relationship between the design of a product,selection of materials,selection of processes and equipment, and tooling selection and design. Each of these steps must be carefully considered,planned, and coordinated before manufacturing lead time,particularly for plicate products,may take months,even years, and the expenditure of large amount of money may be involved. Typically, the lead time for a pletely new model of an antomobile is about 2 years,for a modern aircraft it may be 4 years. With the advent of puters are machines that can be controlled by either tapes made by puters or by the puters themselves, we are entering a new era of production planning. The integration of the design function and the manufacturing function the puter is called CAD/CAM .the design is used to determine the manufacturing process planning and the programming information for the manufacturing process themselves. Detailed drawings can also be made from the central data base used for the design and manufacture,and programs can be generated to make the parts as addition, extensive puter aided testing and inspection of the manufactured parts is takeing is no doubt that this trend will continue at everaccelerating rates as puters bee cheaper and smaller. As we move more fully into the information age success will require that the engineered possess some unique knowledge of and experience in both the development and the management of will require broad knowledge and skills as well as expertise in some key technology and disciplines:it the future, routine problems will not justify heavy engineering expenditures,and engineers will be expected to work cooperatively in solving more challenging,more demanding problems in substantially less time. We have begun a new phase in the practice of offers great promise and excitement as more and more problemsolving capability is placed in the hands of the puterized and wired assure success,the capability of our tools and the unquenched thirst for better products and systems must be matched by the joy of creation that marks all great engineering engineering is a great problem ,and it bee even greater as we make the most of the opportunities offered by the information age. 信息時(shí)代的機(jī)械工程及工程師在機(jī)械行業(yè)的應(yīng)用 在80年代初期，工程師們?cè)?jīng)認(rèn)為要加快產(chǎn)品的研制開(kāi)發(fā)，必須進(jìn)行大量的研發(fā)工作，結(jié)果是實(shí)際上只做了較少的研究工作，這是因?yàn)楫a(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)周期的縮短，促使工程師們盡可能的利用現(xiàn)有技術(shù)，研制開(kāi)發(fā)一種創(chuàng)新性的技術(shù)并將其應(yīng)用在新產(chǎn)品上，是有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的，并且易于招致失敗。在產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程中采用較少的步驟是一種安全的和易于成功的方法。 對(duì)于資金和人力都處于全球性的環(huán)境中的工程界而言，縮短產(chǎn)品研制開(kāi)發(fā)周期也是有益的。能夠設(shè)計(jì)和制造各種產(chǎn)品的人可以在世界各地找到，但是，具有創(chuàng)新思想的人則比較難找。對(duì)于你已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了6個(gè)月的研制開(kāi)發(fā)工作，地理上的距離已經(jīng)不是其他人發(fā)現(xiàn)他的障礙。如果你的研制周期較短，只要你仍然保持領(lǐng)先，這種情況可能造成嚴(yán)重后果。但是如果你正處于一個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)6年的研制開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程的中期，一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手了解你的研究工作的一些信息，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目將面臨比較大的麻煩。 工程師們?cè)诮鉀Q任何問(wèn)題時(shí)都需要進(jìn)行新的設(shè)計(jì)，這種觀念很快就過(guò)時(shí)了。在現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)中的第一步是瀏覽因特網(wǎng)或者其他信息系統(tǒng)，看其他人是否設(shè)計(jì)了一種類(lèi)似于你所需要的產(chǎn)品，諸如傳動(dòng)裝置或者換熱器等。通過(guò)這些信息系統(tǒng)，你可能發(fā)現(xiàn)有些人已經(jīng)有了制造圖紙，數(shù)控紙帶和制造你的產(chǎn)品所需要的其他所有東西。這樣，工程師們就可以把他們的職業(yè)技能集中在尚未解決的問(wèn)題上。 在解決這類(lèi)問(wèn)題時(shí)，利用工作站和進(jìn)入信息高速公路可以大大增強(qiáng)工程小組的能力和效率。這些信息時(shí)代的工具可以使工作小組利用大規(guī)模的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中有材料性能，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，技術(shù)和成功的設(shè)計(jì)方案等信息。這些經(jīng)過(guò)驗(yàn)證的設(shè)計(jì)可以通過(guò)下載直接應(yīng)用，或者通過(guò)對(duì)其進(jìn)行快速，簡(jiǎn)單的改進(jìn)來(lái)滿足特定的要求。將產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)要求通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)送出去的遠(yuǎn)程制造也是可行的。你可以建立一個(gè)沒(méi)有任何加工設(shè)備的虛擬公司。你可以指示制造商，在產(chǎn)品加工完成后，將其直接送給你的客戶。定期訪問(wèn)你的客戶可以保證你設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品按照設(shè)計(jì)要求進(jìn)行工作，盡管這些研發(fā)方式對(duì)每個(gè)公司都完全適用，但這種可能性是存在的。 過(guò)去客戶設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品通常是由小公司來(lái)制造。大公司不屑于制造這種產(chǎn)品，他們討厭與特殊定向產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)，或者是客戶設(shè)計(jì)的小批量產(chǎn)品打交道。“這就是我們的產(chǎn)品”，一家大公司這樣說(shuō)：“這是我們能夠制造出來(lái)的最好產(chǎn)品，你應(yīng)該喜歡他，如果你不喜歡，順著這條大街走有一家小公司，他會(huì)按你的要求去做。” 今天，因?yàn)轭櫩蛡冇休^大的選擇余地，幾乎所有的市場(chǎng)都是特殊定向的產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)，如果你不能使你的產(chǎn)品滿足某些特定客戶的要求，你將失掉你的市場(chǎng)份額中的一大部分，或者失掉全部份額，由于這些定向產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)是經(jīng)常變化的，你的公司應(yīng)該對(duì)市場(chǎng)的變化做出快速反應(yīng)。 定向產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)和根據(jù)客戶要求進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)這種現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)改變了工程師研究工作的方式。今天，研究工作通常是針對(duì)解決特定問(wèn)題進(jìn)行的，現(xiàn)在許多有政府資助或者大公司出資研發(fā)的技術(shù)可以在非常低的成本下被自由的使用，盡管這種情況可能是暫時(shí)的，在對(duì)這些技術(shù)進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)母倪M(jìn)后，他們通常能夠被直接用于產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)，這使得許多公司可以節(jié)省昂貴的研究經(jīng)費(fèi)，在主要的技術(shù)障礙被克服后，研究工作應(yīng)該主要致力于產(chǎn)品的商品化方面，而不是開(kāi)發(fā)新的，有趣的， 不確定的替換產(chǎn)品。 采用上述觀點(diǎn)看問(wèn)題，工程研究應(yīng)該致力于消除將已知技術(shù)快速商品化的障礙，工作的重點(diǎn)是產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和可靠性，這些在當(dāng)今的顧客的頭腦中是很重要的。很明顯一個(gè)質(zhì)量差的聲譽(yù)是一個(gè)不好的企業(yè)的同義詞，企業(yè)應(yīng)該盡最大的努力來(lái)保證客