【導(dǎo)讀】試卷分為第I卷和第II卷，所有答題必須涂（選擇題）或?qū)懺诖痤}紙上，做在試卷上一。反而清楚地填寫姓名。

　　

【正文】 rs , you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract. People also volunteer because they are required to do so . To increase levels of munity service, some schools have launched pulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately , these programs can shift people‘s wish of participating from an internal factor(.,‘I volunteer because it‘s important to me‖) to an external factor(., ? I volunteer because I‘m required to do so .‖) . When that happens people bee less likely to volunteer in the Once people begin to volunteer ,what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question , researchers have conducted followup studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance , one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year . One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer the researchers note that attention should be given to ―training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience.‖ Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view ―volunteer‖ as an important social . Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as ―Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am .‖ ― Consistent with the researchers ― expectations, they found a positive correlation between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results , once again , lead to concrete advice:‖ Once an individual begins volunteering ,continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity Item like Tshirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contribution can help strengthen role identity.‖ A. People volunteer mainly out of academic requirements and internal needs. B. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must C. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be likely to continue volunteer work. D. Individual differences in role identity is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work. E. Although this result may not surprise you ,it leads to important practical advice. F. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. Section D Directions : Read the following passage , Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words . Use your own words as far as possible. In the United States alone , over 100 million cellphones are thrown away each year. Cellphone are part of a a growing mountain of electronic waste like puters and personal digital assistants. The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole. Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver . A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in parison to total waste , the concentration (含氟 ) of gold and other precious metals was higher in Socalled ewaste than in naturally occurring minerals. Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals . Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed , the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries , in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment. Creating products out of raw materials creates much more materials, up to 100 times more, than the material contained in the finished products . Consider again the cellphone , and imagine the mines that produced those metals , the factories needed to make the box and packaging(包裝 ) it came in . Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well. The . Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that ― the production , distribution , and use of products as well as management of the resulting wasteall result in greenhouse gas release.‖ Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start for instance , buying reusable products and recycling In many countries the concept of the extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive（動(dòng)機(jī)） for reducing waste. If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products , would they reduce the packaging in the first place? Governments‘ incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money . Why , they ask , should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap (氣泡墊 )that encased your television? From the governments‘ point of view , a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and taxpayers back to the producers. 第 II 卷 (共 47 分 ) I. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 72．將來過怎樣的生活取決于你自己。 (be up to) 73． 我們學(xué)習(xí)英語不是為了參加考試， 而是為了掌握一種交際工具。 (tool) 74． 盡管家境貧寒，但那個(gè)男孩志存高遠(yuǎn)并夢(mèng)想著有朝一日能獲諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)。 (Despite) 75．雖然現(xiàn)代社會(huì)物資豐富，給予消費(fèi)者更多的選擇，但也使不少人變成購物狂。 (turn) II. Guided Writing Directions: Write an English position in 120–150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假定你是李華，最近你發(fā)現(xiàn)有學(xué)生將共享單車停到了校園內(nèi)并且上了私鎖。請(qǐng)你就此現(xiàn)象，寫一份倡議書發(fā)表在校英文報(bào)上，倡議同學(xué)們文明使用共享單車。 內(nèi)容提示： 1. 共享單車帶給人們的便利； 2. 如何正確使用共享單車。 注意 : 1. 詞數(shù) 80 左右； 2. 可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。 參考詞匯：共享單車： shared bikes 參考答案 及解析 第 I 卷 第