【正文】 3% 11% Intel 2507% 22% 55% If you look at other industries – the answer to the question of whether supply chain management makes a difference is a resounding YES! One measure of supply chain performance is gross margin return on inventory or GMROI. Research shows that panies that have increased their gross margin return on inventory (which translates to profit margin divided by inventory holdings) have had a significantly higher level of return on assets – which in turn results in a significant improvement in terms of their stock market returns…the message here is clear – improved management of the supply chain is rewarded by the stock markets. GMROI = Achieved Gross Margin Avg. Inventory Investment Supply Chain Management 需求 /供應管理的影響 供應鏈管理是否會使情況有所不同？答案是絕對肯定的。供應鏈表現(xiàn)的一個指標是庫存總利潤回報 (Gross Margin Return on Inventory or GMROI)。研究顯示庫存利潤回報率 (用利潤除以持有的庫存數(shù) )增加的公司具有相當高的資產回報 (Return On Assets or ROA)—因而導致他們的股市的回報大幅度地提高。在這里要表達的信息很明顯 —股市會回報改進了的供應鏈管理。 GMROI ROA 五年累計市場回報 Circuit City 162% 4% 33% Best Buy 208% 8% 1025% Kmart 109% 2% 62% WalMart 199% 8% 284% Daimler Chrysler 172% 7% 47% Toyota Motor 228% 12% 26% Motorola 432% 3% 11% Intel 2507% 22% 55% GMROI = 獲得的總利潤 平均庫存投資 Supply Chain Management Glitches Are Costly The converse is also true – a poorly performing supply chain will be punished by the stock market. A recent study of supply chain ―glitches‖ revealed that this was the case. The majority of supply chain glitches occur due to lack of alignment between demand planning and supply planning, which results in too much or not enough inventory, or too much/not enough capacity. Supply Chain Management 小故障 (Glitches)的代價昂貴 如果說股市會回報改進的供應鏈管理，相反的情形也是成立的 —表現(xiàn)糟糕的供應鏈表現(xiàn)會被股市懲罰。最近的供應鏈研究顯示這是事實。大部分的供應鏈由于在規(guī)劃和供應計劃之間缺乏一致性，導致庫存過多，存貨不足或者生產能力過剩 /不足。 Supply Chain Management Supply Chain Challenges Exercise List what you think are the top five challenges that your pany faces in improving supply chain performance. Supply Chain Management 供應鏈挑戰(zhàn)的練習 列出你認為你的公司面臨的供應鏈績效的 5個最大挑戰(zhàn)。 Supply Chain Management Top Barriers to Supply Chain Performance Let‘s pare your responses to those of senior executives who responded to the same question of the biggest supply chain challenges facing them. Our recent research of key problems and challenges facing executives show that most executives agree on the challenges faced in implementing integrated supply chain. In the focus groups with over 50 executives conducted by Dr. Robert Handfield, executives were asked them what the major problems and challenges were that they faced in their supply chain initiatives. Supply Chain Management 供應鏈績效的最大障礙 讓我們來比較一下你的答案與那些資深高級主管的答案。我們最近對高級主管們所面對的主要問題和挑戰(zhàn)的研究表明大多數(shù)高級主管同意，實施集成供應鏈是一大挑戰(zhàn)。由我們做的有 50多位高級主管參與的重點小組調查中，主管們對在供應鏈管理中所遇到的最大問題和挑戰(zhàn)是什么做出了回答。 Supply Chain Management Top Barriers to Supply Chain Performance Continued Number 1 on this list was relationship management – the ability to maintain a positive cooperative approach when faced by an economic downturn. Every single executive we met with concurred that managing supply chain relationships and building trust was something that was a barrier to improved performance. One representative ment from a VP of Global Procurement was as follows: I am currently focused on building a Supply Chain which is geographically located with the supply base. This is a huge advantage as Value Chains can not overe the time zone same day impact. The core advantages of key supplier relationship management are also local and can not be overe by distance. If we can automate human behavior in these management systems the value chain will really gain speed. Supply Chain Management 供應鏈表現(xiàn)的最大障礙 續(xù) 在表中列在第一位的是人際關系管理，即在經濟不景氣時維持一種積極合作關系的能力。每一位我們訪問的高級主管都承認對供應鏈中各種關系的處理和建立信任是提高供應鏈表現(xiàn)水平的關鍵。 下面是一家全球采購公司總裁的很有代表性的一段評論：“我現(xiàn)在專注于建立一個在地理位置上與供應基地很靠近的供應鏈。這是很大的優(yōu)勢因為價值鏈不能克服時區(qū)的局限 —當日效應。與主要供應商關系管理的核心優(yōu)勢在于本地化，距離帶來的不便很難被克服。如果我們能在這些管理系統(tǒng)中把這些人為行為自動化，價值鏈真的會很快地增長?！? Supply Chain Management Other Barriers to Supply Chain Performance Some additional barriers identified in the Handfield/Giunipero study were: Other problems involved creating a customer focus in supply chains where people are often in a ―silo‖ mentality. People may try to optimize their individual function, but fet about the impact on other functions, or worse, the impact on the customer. Creating a customerfocused supply chain remains a challenge. How do we capture end user requirements and build these into our supply chain footprint? Supply Chain Management 其他影響供應鏈表現(xiàn)的其它障礙 在 Handfield/Giunipero的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)的其他障礙有： 在試圖建立一個以客戶為中心的供應鏈時，人們卻經常處在屏蔽的心理狀態(tài)。人們可能會盡可能的優(yōu)化個人做業(yè)，而忽略了對其他部門的影響，或者更糟糕的是，忽略了對客戶的影響。創(chuàng)造一個以客戶為中心的供應鏈仍然是一個挑戰(zhàn)，我們怎樣才能獲得最終用戶的需求信息，然后把它們結合到我們供應鏈的步驟之中呢？ Supply Chain Management Skills In Demand For Supply Chain Managers A survey of 54 executives conducted in 2023(CAPS Project, Handfield and Giunipero, 2023) reveals that the top Skills In Demand For Supply Chain Managers will include: ? Ethical behavior in dealing with suppliers and customers. ? Effective negotiation skills. ? Ability to make good decisions faced with uncertainty. ? Effective interpersonal munication – the ability to convince people of the need for improvement. ? Good mon sense. ? Assessing the potential for uhical situations. ? Decisionmaking and problem solving ? Influencing people and persuading them to adopt a broader supply chain perspective ? Resolution of conflicts between supply chain participants ? Problem solving skills. Supply Chain Management 供應鏈經理需要的技能 在 2023年所做的與 54位高級主管的調查 (CAPS Project, Handfield and Giunipero, 2023)還揭示物流經理所需的最重要的技能包括： ? 在與供應商和客戶打交道時的符合道德的行為 ? 很有效的協(xié)商技巧 ? 面對不確定的情形有能力做出正確的決策 ? 良好的與人溝通能力 —能說服別人，產生對改進的需要 ? 通情達理 ? 對潛在的不道德情形的評價能力 ? 決策能力和解決問題的能力 ? 影響、說服別人采納更寬闊的供應鏈視野的能力