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【正文】 ance can suffer. ? Level of Group Goal Acplishment: as cohesiveness rises, the emphasis on group acplishment will rise. ? High levels of cohesiveness can cause the group to focus more on itself than the firm. 1419 Irwin/McGrawHill 169。The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 Group Cohesiveness Group Size Managed Diversity Group Identity Success Group Cohesiveness Level of Conformity to norms Level of Participation in group Emphasis on goals acplished Figure 1420 Irwin/McGrawHill 169。The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 Cohesiveness ? Determinates of cohesiveness: can be altered to change cohesiveness levels in a group. ? Group Size: small groups allow high cohesiveness. ? Low cohesiveness groups with many members can benefit from splitting into two groups. ? Managed Diversity: Diverse groups often e up with better solutions. ? Group Identity: When cohesiveness is low, encourage a group to adopt a unique identity and engage in healthy petition with others. ? Success: cohesiveness increases with success. ? Look for a way for a group to find some small success. 1421 Irwin/McGrawHill 169。The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 Reducing Social Loafing Make individual contributions identifiable Emphasize valuable individual contributions Keep group size at an appropriate level REDUCE Social Loafing Figure 1422 Irwin/McGrawHill 169。The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 Managing for Performance ? Motivate groups to achieve goals: ? Members should benefit when the group performs well. ? Rewards can be moary or in other forms. ? Reduce social loafing: human tendency to put forth less effort in a group than individually. To eliminate: ? Make individual efforts identifiable and evaluated. ? Emphasize individual efforts to show they count. ? Keep group size at a small number. ? Help groups manage conflict. ? All groups will have conflict, managers should seek ways to direct it to the goals.
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