【正文】 導(dǎo)詞主要有:副詞從句種類常用連詞特殊連詞時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句1.一些時(shí)間名詞:一些副詞:instantly, immediately, directly2.固定搭配的連詞:no sooner…than, hardly…when, scarcely…when地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句wherever, anywhere, everywhere原因狀語(yǔ)從句seeing that, considering that, now that, given that, in that, in as much as, in so much as目的狀語(yǔ)從句lest, for fear that, in case, in the hope that, on purpose that, for the purpose that, to the end that結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, to such an extent that條件狀語(yǔ)從句suppose, supposing, providing, provided, on condition that, so long as, as long as讓步狀語(yǔ)從句while, as(用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)), whether…or, whever: whatever, whoever, whichever, however, whenever, whereveras + adj. + as +主謂結(jié)構(gòu)(用在句首)比較狀語(yǔ)從句the more…,the more…。 just as…,so…。 A is to B what/as C is to D。 no more…than。 not A so much as B / not so much A as B方式狀語(yǔ)從句一)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句據(jù)主句和從句的時(shí)間關(guān)系,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句可分為主句和從句同時(shí)發(fā)生,主句發(fā)生在從句之前,主句發(fā)生在從句之后和主句在從句之后立刻發(fā)生四種情形.1.主句和從句同時(shí)發(fā)生,由when, whenever(每當(dāng)), while , as(常用語(yǔ)口語(yǔ),強(qiáng)調(diào)同一時(shí)間)等引導(dǎo),意為當(dāng)……時(shí)候.1)when表一個(gè)特定時(shí)間(at that time),從句可置于主句之前或之后.例如:When he was still a young man, he was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons.You are using energy even when you are asleep. (1) :See you when I get back.(2) 在從句中如用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則表示將來(lái)的過(guò)去,即主句從句均為將來(lái),但從句發(fā)生在將來(lái)之前.例如:When you have finished, please fold the map and out it away.(3) 如從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí),則主句用一般過(guò)去時(shí).例如:When she had finished listening to the news, she turned off the radio.(4) 考研真題分析:Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. (1991)Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it es to classroom tests. (1998)On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont when I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading Boston. (2000)2)while表一段時(shí)間(during that time),從句可置于主句之前或之后.(1) while所引導(dǎo)的從句常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài).例如:I hurt it while I was doing gym.(2) while所引導(dǎo)的從句常與系動(dòng)詞be連用表狀態(tài).例如:Your friends are ing to stay in your house for one week while you and your family are away on holiday.(3) 考研真題分析:The phenomenon provides a way for panies to remain globally petitive while avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens imposed by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. (1997)A. butB. whileC. andD. whereas2.主句發(fā)生在從句之前,常用before, until, till引導(dǎo),意為在……之前. 從句可置于主句之前或之后.1)before的翻譯——不要千篇一律翻譯為在……之前例如:It took a few months of investigation before it became clear.The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before realized how diverse languages could be.2)until,till意為直到……時(shí)候。,not…until…:直到……才……的結(jié)構(gòu).例如:Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. (1998)It was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant preelectric medium. (2002) 3.主句發(fā)生在從句之后,由after,since引導(dǎo),意為在……之后.例如:Since I was a child I have lived in England.4.主句在從句之后立刻發(fā)生, 由once,immediately(that),as soon as引導(dǎo),意為剛剛,一……就…….例如:I have decided that once I return to England I shall make no more long expeditions.I will ring you as soon as I have any more information.二)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句一般由where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere等引導(dǎo),從句可置于主句之前或之后,意為在……地方,無(wú)論在……地方.例如:Stay where you are.Wherever he happens to be, Clint can make himself at home.Everywhere they appeared, there were troubles.三)原因狀語(yǔ)從句原因狀語(yǔ)從句由because, as, since, for等引導(dǎo),從句可置于主句之前或之后,意為因?yàn)?由于.1.because語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng),只有它能用來(lái)回答why的問(wèn)句,引出的往往是聽話人不知道的或最感興趣的原因.例如:They make fun of me because I am shorter than anyone else.2.since通常置于句首,引出人們已知的不需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的原因,譯為既然.例如:Since we do not have class tomorrow, why not go out for a piic 3.as與since用法差不多.例如:Wear strong shoes as we shall do a lot of walking.4.for表推斷的理由,是對(duì)前面分句的內(nèi)容加以解釋說(shuō)明.例如:It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.5.其他復(fù)合連詞表示原因:in that, seeing that, now that, considering that, given that意為鑒于……,考慮到……例如:Vitamins are different in that their elements are arranged differently. (1996)Given/Seeing/Now that they are inexperienced, they have done a good job.They did the job very well, considering that they had no experience.四)目的狀語(yǔ)從句目的狀語(yǔ)從句主要由so that, in order that, that引導(dǎo),意為為了,以便.,因此,從句中要求有一個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/could, may/might, shall/should, will/would等.例如:Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm have a duty to die and get out of the way so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential. (2003)其它引導(dǎo)詞:lest, for fear(that), in case, 譯為以免,以防止,生怕。in the hope that, on purpose that, for the purpose that, to the end that等來(lái)表目的,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用should加動(dòng)詞原形.例如:They (scientists) should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. (2003)五)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句常由so(… )that (so后面接形容詞,分詞或副詞), such(…)that(such后接名詞), with the result that引導(dǎo),從句只可置于主句之后.例如:He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. (1999)Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of tunnel method, frequently fall victim to the technicist fallacy.And home appliances will also bee so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorderkitchen rage. (2001)Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World WarⅡto send secret messages. (2004)Diplomats and crabs are creatures that move in such a way that it is impossible to tell whether they are ing or going.His anger was such that he lost control of himself. = His anger was so explosive that he lost control of himself. 注:以上句型中,為了強(qiáng)調(diào),還可將主句中的so或such置于句首構(gòu)成倒裝句.例如:So involved with their puters ________ that leaders at summer puter camps often h