【正文】 es is unwarranted. () ★★★★2. The author unfairly assumes that Groveton students are just as capable of detecting cheating as faculty monitors, and that these students are just as likely to report cheating whenever they observe it. () ★★3. The author fails to illustrate that the number of cases of cheating at Groveton would be higher if we did not adopt the honor code. (lack of controlled experiment) ★★★★4. Other factors could also explain the decreasing number of cases of cheating at Groveton. (post hoc, ergo propter hoc) ★★★★★5. The author fails to investigate the number of cases of cheating which were not reported. () ★★★★6. We do not know the situation of cheating in other years. () ★★★7. If the students will be forthright under the circumstances in which the survey was set is suspicious (are the respondents being forthright when answering the questions?) ★★★★8. The author fails to consider the negative effects of adopting such honor codes. (adv:disadv) ★★★9. The honor code may not be as same effective at other colleges and universities as it was at Grovetown. () ★★★Other measures could be taken to bat cheating. (necessity of the solution) ★★★23 (chong10)24 (chong28)25 (chong100) (chong102) (chong164)26 (chong28)27（）28（食品，保健/預(yù)言/并列）The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia.Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches(1). Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades foodprocessing panies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives. This rise in the mercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twentyyear study(2). Recently, foodprocessing panies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods(3). With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia.(4,5) ★★★★1. Salicylates may not have the same effect as aspirin in treating headaches although they are of the same chemical family. () ★★★★2. Other factors may also lead to the decline in the number of headaches in the study mentioned above. (NCR) ★★★★★3. The author does not inform us what fraction of foods consumed by citizens of Mentia contains salicylates, and how many of the citizens prefer such kind of foods. () ★★★4. The author fails to consider factors other than food, such as environment, lifestyle, etc. that may result in the increase in the number of headaches suffered by citizens of Mentia would increase () ★★★5. Granted that salicylates are effective in treating headaches, we cannot hastily infer that they would also be effective in preventing headaches. () ★★★29（）3031 214, （教育，城市，社會(huì)/論斷/對(duì)比）In each city in the region of Treehaven, the majority of the money spent on governmentrun public school education es from taxes that each city government collects. The region39。s cities differ, however, in the value they place on public education. For example, Parson City typically budgets(1,2) twice as much money per year as Blue City does for its public schools—even though both cities have about the same number of residents(3,4). It seems clear, therefore, that Parson City residents care(5) more about public school education than do Blue City residents. ★★★★1. The city’s budget for its public schools is not an accurate indication of the value it places on public education. () ★★★★2. The author fails to inform us what fraction of the total budget are used for public schools in each city, thus we cannot evaluate which city cares more about public school education. () ★★★★3. Many other differences between Parson City and Blue City may also contribute to the differences in the amount of money they budget for their public schools. () ★★★4. We do not know the amount of students who go to public schools in the two cities, thus we could not evaluate the argument. () ★★★★5. The amount of city budgets for public schools may not represent residents’ attitude towards public school education. () ★★★★★32（生產(chǎn)，勞動(dòng)安全/對(duì)策/先并列后遞進(jìn)）The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of Alta Manufacturing.During the past year, Alta Manufacturing had thirty percent more onthejob accidents(2,4) than nearby Panoply Industries, where the work shifts are one hour shorter than ours(5). Experts believe that a significant contributing factor in many onthejob accidents is fatigue and sleep deprivation among workers. Therefore, to reduce the number of onthejob accidents at Alta(6) and thereby increase productivity(1), we should shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour so that our employees will get adequate amounts of sleep(3). ★★1811. The president provides no evidence that overall worker productivity is attributable in part to the number of onthejob accidents. (NCR) ★★★2. The president assumes that some accidents at Alta are caused by fatigue or sleep deprivation. () ★★★★3. The assumption that Alta39。s workers would use the additional hour of free time to sleep or rest is open to doubt. () ★★★4. The president fails to consider that the perworker accident rate might reveal that Alta is actually safer than Panoply, depending on the total number of workers at each pany. () ★★★5. The president fails to consider possible differences between Alta and Panoply which render them inparable. () ★★★★6. Merely shortening the work shifts might not suffice to reduce the number of onthejob accidents. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★33（社會(huì)，能源/預(yù)言，論斷/并列）The following appeared in a memorandum from the planning department of an electric power pany. Several recent surveys indicate that homeowners are increasingly eager to conserve energy(1) and manufacturers are now marketing many home appliances(2), such as