【正文】 ed cross. Since the suspension of the parameters affecting the characteristics of many vehicles, and other assembly related to the layout, which are generally shared with the general layout consultation.Use of different cars, on the different requirements of fort. To transport the cars mainly for the fort requirements of the highest, followed by buses, trucks more times. Below the rank of ordinary cars are full, the front suspension request partial frequency ~ , after the suspension is called for ~ . In principle, higherlevel cars, the smaller the frequency of partial suspension. Senior car full, partial frequency requirements of the front suspension in ~ , after the suspension is called for ~ . Fully loaded truck, the front suspension request partial frequency ~ , then suspension is called for ~ . Selection bias, the reuse type (62) to calculate the static deflection of the suspension.Elastic characteristics of suspension Suspension by the vertical external force F and the resulting center of the wheel relative to the displacement body plant curve as the elastic properties of the suspension. Is the slope of the tangent stiffness of the suspension.
Suspension properties of elastic properties of linear elastic and nonlinear elastic properties of the two. When the suspension vertical deformation plant suffered external force F and were fixed ratio between the changes, flexible features for the line, known as the linear elastic properties, when the suspension stiffness is a constant. When the suspension subject to the vertical deformation and external force F was fixed ratio between the changes, flexible features as shown in Figure 41. At this point, the suspension stiffness is the change, which is characterized by the fully loaded position near the stiffness of the small and gentle curve, so a good ride quality。 from the full distance at the two ends of the curve steepens, and stiffness by Great. This deflection of the limited dynamic range of more than dynamic linear suspension capacity. Suspension means a suspension of the action capacity of the location from the static load, the deformation of structural deformation until the maximum allowable power consumption. The greater capacity of the dynamic suspension, the breakdown of the possibility of buffer smaller pieces. Fully loaded, noload and spring climate on the quality of the goods vehicles and passenger cars, in order to reduce the vibration frequency and a high degree of changes in the body, it should be nonlinear variable selection of suspension stiffness. Spring on the quality of cars in use although little change, but the axle on the frame in order to reduce the impact and reduce traffic at the time of turning and braking at the time of roll angle of depression before and after the elevation at the time to accelerate, it should be variable stiffness nonlinear suspension. Leaf spring suspension of nonindependent features can be considered as linear elastic, and vicespring with leaf springs, air springs, gas springs, etc., are nonlinear elastic stiffness characteristics of variable suspension. Automotive suspension design譯文：汽車(chē)懸架設(shè)計(jì) 懸架是保證車(chē)輪或車(chē)橋與汽車(chē)承載系統(tǒng)之間具有彈性聯(lián)系并能傳遞載荷、緩和沖擊、衰減振動(dòng)以及調(diào)節(jié)汽車(chē)行駛中的車(chē)身位置等有關(guān)裝置的總稱。 懸架最主要的功能是傳遞作用在車(chē)輪和車(chē)架之間的一切力和力矩，并緩和汽車(chē)駛過(guò)不平路面時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的沖擊，衰減由此引起的承載系統(tǒng)的振動(dòng)，以保證汽車(chē)的行駛平順性。為此必須在車(chē)輪與車(chē)架或車(chē)身之間提供彈性聯(lián)接，依靠彈性元件來(lái)傳遞車(chē)輪或車(chē)橋與車(chē)架或車(chē)身之間的垂向載荷，并依靠其變形來(lái)吸收能量，達(dá)到緩沖的目的。采用彈性聯(lián)接后，汽車(chē)可以看作是由懸掛質(zhì)量、非懸掛質(zhì)量和彈簧組成的振動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，承受來(lái)自不平路面、空氣動(dòng)力及傳動(dòng)系、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的激勵(lì)。為了迅速衰減不必要的振動(dòng)，懸架中還必須包括阻尼元件，即減振器。此外，懸架中確保車(chē)輪與車(chē)架或車(chē)身之間所有力和力矩可靠傳遞并決定車(chē)輪相對(duì)于車(chē)架或車(chē)身的位移特性的連接裝置統(tǒng)稱為導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)。導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)決定了車(chē)輪跳動(dòng)時(shí)的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡和車(chē)輪定位參數(shù)的變化，以及汽車(chē)前后側(cè)傾中心及縱傾中心的位置，從而在很大程度上影響了整車(chē)的操縱穩(wěn)定性和抗縱傾能力。在有些懸架中還有緩沖塊和橫向穩(wěn)定桿。 盡管一百多年來(lái)汽車(chē)懸架從結(jié)構(gòu)型式到作用原理一直在不斷地演進(jìn)，但從結(jié)構(gòu)功能而言，它都是由彈性元件、減振裝置和導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)三部分組成。在有些情況下，某一零部件兼起兩種或三種作用，比如鋼板彈簧兼起彈性元件及導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)的作用，麥弗遜懸中的減振器柱兼起減振器及部分導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)的作用，有些主動(dòng)懸架中的作動(dòng)器則具有彈性元件、減振器和部分導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)的功能。 根據(jù)導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)，汽車(chē)懸架可分為非獨(dú)立懸架和獨(dú)立懸架兩大類。非獨(dú)立懸架的鮮明特色是左、右車(chē)輪之間由一剛性梁或非斷開(kāi)式車(chē)橋聯(lián)接，當(dāng)單邊車(chē)輪駛過(guò)凸起時(shí)，會(huì)直接影響另一側(cè)車(chē)輪。獨(dú)立懸架中沒(méi)有這樣的剛性梁，左右車(chē)輪各自“獨(dú)立”地與車(chē)架或車(chē)身相連或構(gòu)成斷開(kāi)式車(chē)橋，按結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)又可細(xì)分為橫臂式、縱臂式、斜臂式等等，各種懸架的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)將在以下章節(jié)中進(jìn)一步討論。除上述非獨(dú)立懸架和獨(dú)立懸架外，還有一種近似半獨(dú)立懸架，它與近似半剛性的非斷開(kāi)式后支持橋相匹配。當(dāng)左右車(chē)輪跳動(dòng)幅度不一致時(shí)，后支持橋中呈V形斷面并與左右縱臂固結(jié)在一起的橫梁受扭，由于其具有一定的扭轉(zhuǎn)彈性，故此種懸架既不同于非獨(dú)立懸架，也與獨(dú)立懸架有別。該彈性橫梁還兼起橫向穩(wěn)定桿的作用。按照彈性元件的種類，汽車(chē)懸架又可以分為鋼板彈簧懸架、螺旋彈簧懸架、扭桿彈簧懸架、空氣懸架以及油氣懸架等。按照作用原理，可以分為被動(dòng)懸架、主動(dòng)懸架和介于二者之間的半主動(dòng)懸架。 如前所述，汽車(chē)懸架和懸掛質(zhì)量、非懸掛質(zhì)量構(gòu)成了一個(gè)振動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，該振動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的特性很大程度上決定了汽車(chē)的行駛平順性，并進(jìn)一步影響到汽車(chē)的行駛車(chē)速、燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性和運(yùn)營(yíng)經(jīng)濟(jì)性。該振動(dòng)系統(tǒng)也決定了汽車(chē)承載系和行駛系許多零部件的動(dòng)載，并進(jìn)而影響到這些零件的使用壽命。此外，懸架對(duì)整車(chē)操縱穩(wěn)定性、抗縱傾能力也起著決定性的作用。因而在設(shè)計(jì)懸架時(shí)必須考慮以下幾個(gè)方面的要求： (1)通過(guò)合理設(shè)計(jì)懸架的彈性特性及阻尼特性確保汽車(chē)具有良好的行駛平順性，具有較低的振動(dòng)頻率、較小的振動(dòng)加速度值和合適的減振性能，并能避免在懸架的壓縮伸張行程極限點(diǎn)發(fā)生硬沖擊，同時(shí)還要保證輪胎具有足夠的接地能力； (2)合理設(shè)計(jì)導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)，以確保車(chē)輪與車(chē)架或車(chē)身之間所有力和力矩的可靠傳遞，保證車(chē)輪跳動(dòng)時(shí)車(chē)輪定位參數(shù)的變化不會(huì)過(guò)大，并且能滿足汽車(chē)具有良好的操縱穩(wěn)定性要求； (3)導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)應(yīng)與轉(zhuǎn)向桿系的運(yùn)動(dòng)相協(xié)調(diào)，避免發(fā)生運(yùn)動(dòng)干涉，否則可能引起轉(zhuǎn)向輪擺振；(4)側(cè)傾中心及縱傾中心位置恰當(dāng)，汽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)向時(shí)具有抗側(cè)傾能力，汽車(chē)制動(dòng)和加速時(shí)能保持車(chē)身的穩(wěn)定，避免發(fā)生汽車(chē)在制動(dòng)和加速時(shí)的車(chē)身縱傾； (5)懸架構(gòu)件的質(zhì)量要小尤其是其非懸掛部分的質(zhì)量要盡量?。?(6)便于布置，在轎車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)中特別要考慮給發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)及行李箱留出足夠的空間； (7)所有零部件應(yīng)具有足夠的強(qiáng)度和使用壽命； (8)制造成本低； (9)便于維修、保養(yǎng)。懸架設(shè)計(jì)可以大致分為結(jié)構(gòu)型式及主要參數(shù)選擇和詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)兩個(gè)階段，有時(shí)還要反復(fù)交叉進(jìn)行。由于懸架的參數(shù)影響到許多整車(chē)特性，并且涉及其他總成的布置，因而一般要與總布置共同協(xié)商確定。用途不同的汽車(chē)，對(duì)平順性要求不一樣。以運(yùn)送人為主的轎車(chē)對(duì)平順性的要求最高，大客車(chē)次之，載貨車(chē)更次之。對(duì)普通級(jí)以下轎車(chē)滿載的情況，～，～。原則上轎車(chē)的級(jí)別越高，懸架的偏頻越小。對(duì)高級(jí)轎車(chē)滿載的情況，～，～。貨車(chē)滿載時(shí)，～，～。選定偏頻以后，即可計(jì)算出懸架的靜撓度。懸架彈性特性懸架受到的垂直外力F與由此所引起的車(chē)輪中心相對(duì)于車(chē)身位移廠(即懸架的變形)的關(guān)系曲線稱為懸架的彈性特性。其切線的斜率是懸架的剛度。懸架的彈性特性有線性彈性特性和非線性彈性特性兩種。當(dāng)懸架變形廠與所受垂直外力F之間呈固定比例變化時(shí)，彈性特性為一直線，稱為線性彈性特性，此時(shí)懸架剛度為常數(shù)。此時(shí)，懸架剛度是變化的，其特點(diǎn)是在滿載位置附近，剛度小且曲線變化平緩，因而平順性良好；距滿載較遠(yuǎn)的兩端，曲線變陡，剛度增大。這樣可在有限的動(dòng)撓度范圍內(nèi)，得到比線性懸架更多的動(dòng)容量。懸架的動(dòng)容量系指懸架從靜載荷的位置起，變形到結(jié)構(gòu)允許的最大變形為止消耗的功。懸架的動(dòng)容量越大，對(duì)緩沖塊擊穿的可能性越小。空載與滿載時(shí)簧上質(zhì)量變化大的貨車(chē)和客車(chē)，為了減少振動(dòng)頻率和車(chē)身高度的變化，應(yīng)當(dāng)選用剛度可變的非線性懸架。轎車(chē)簧上質(zhì)量在使用中雖然變化不大，但為了減少車(chē)軸對(duì)車(chē)架的撞擊，減少轉(zhuǎn)彎行駛時(shí)的側(cè)傾與制動(dòng)時(shí)的前俯角和加速時(shí)的后仰角，也應(yīng)當(dāng)采用剛度可變的非線性懸架。鋼板彈簧非獨(dú)立懸架的彈性特性可視為線性的，而帶有副簧的鋼板彈簧、空氣彈簧、油氣彈簧等，均為剛度可變的非線性彈性特性懸架。摘自汽車(chē)懸架設(shè)計(jì)46