【正文】
ting (SRI) too. From a portfolio 山東大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文20perspective, SRI eliminates securities from the universe of investable assets. Consequently, SRI reduces the potential for diversification. This has been studied, among others, by Bauer, Koedijk and Otten (2022) and Bello (2022). They find that the risk and return attributes of these screened SRI portfolios do not significantly differ from their conventional counterparts. Geczy, Stambaugh and Levin (2022) find that the cost of SRI depends on the perspective of the investors. Socially responsible investors who do not believe in the ability of mutual funds to outperform the market in terms of the Capital Asset Pricing Model do not face a significant opportunity loss from investing in SRI mutual funds. However, an investor believing in a world consistent with the Fama and French (1992) threefactor model may face an opportunity loss of approximately 30 basis points per month (Gezcy et al., 2022). This paper aims at plementing the existing literature by explicitly studying the interaction between financial and social performance. The key question it addresses is “Does financial performance precede social performance, or is it the other way round?”. To answer this question, the research will associate the timing of financial performance with that of social performance. Of course, precedence is not identical with causality, but it es much closer to this concept than the usual regression approach where correlation is at the basis of the analysis. This study is innovative in five respects. First, it is the first study that explicitly models the timing issues of social and financial performance with wellestablished techniques in a systematic matter. It employs two different techniques to assess the interaction between CSR and financial performance, namely simple OLS with distributed lags and Granger causation. Second is that it uses a wellestablished database for this purpose. To investigate the potential for causation, it uses financial data from Datastream and the database from Kinder, Lydenberg and Domini that takes account of the multidimensional aspects of CSR (see Sharfman, 1996, for an assessment of the construction of this KLDdatabase). A third innovation is that the paper looks into a timeframe of more than one decade. The period investigated is very interesting as it covers a time when many firms introduced social, ethical and environmental policy programs and when the stock market was turbulent. Fourth is that both financial risk 山東大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文21and irresponsible social behavior are included in the analysis. Fifth is that the study does not only look into posite scores for corporate social responsibility but also into subscores, . strengths and weaknesses of firms39。 munity involvement, diversity in management, employee relations, environmental conduct, and product characteristics.The structure of the remainder of the paper is as follows. The data and the methods employed are introduced first. Then, the results are reported. Lastly, there is a discussion of the findings and a brief conclusion.中文翻譯解讀企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任與財(cái)務(wù)業(yè)績(jī)之間的關(guān)系在最近幾十年,企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任越來(lái)越引起人們的關(guān)注。許多企業(yè)紛紛發(fā)表它們的道德、社會(huì)和環(huán)境保護(hù)行為報(bào)告,并且在市場(chǎng)中,環(huán)保和富有社會(huì)責(zé)任意識(shí)已經(jīng)成為企業(yè)的相關(guān)產(chǎn)品和有力的企業(yè)特色。在一項(xiàng)科研調(diào)研中,企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任也成為一個(gè)人們感興趣的議題。許多調(diào)研研究企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)與企業(yè)社會(huì)行為之間的關(guān)系(見洛基特,月亮,維瑟,2022 年) 。許多關(guān)于企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)與企業(yè)社會(huì)行為之間關(guān)系的觀點(diǎn)被提出來(lái)(概述見 Allouche 和拉羅什,2022 年) 。而且,許多實(shí)證研究調(diào)查企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)與企業(yè)社會(huì)行為之間的關(guān)系(見 Orlitzky ,Schmidt 和 Rynes ,2022 年) 。不足為奇,關(guān)于企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)與企業(yè)社會(huì)行為之間關(guān)系的觀點(diǎn)各不相同,并且實(shí)證研究也沒有在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上達(dá)成一致。第一,自由派觀點(diǎn)提出,兩者之間是此消彼長(zhǎng)的關(guān)系。因?yàn)槠髽I(yè)承擔(dān)社會(huì)責(zé)任需要消耗成本,這將削弱一個(gè)企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)地位(弗里德曼,1970 年)。與此相關(guān)的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,社會(huì)制約企業(yè),企業(yè)承擔(dān)社會(huì)責(zé)任可能會(huì)與企業(yè)價(jià)值最大化相沖突( Brummer,1991 年。詹森, 2022 年)。當(dāng)企業(yè)管理者所追求的目標(biāo)與股東和利益相關(guān)者的目標(biāo)沖突時(shí),企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)業(yè)績(jī)與企業(yè)的社會(huì)行為之間就會(huì)不一致(威廉姆森, 1964 年,詹森和麥克林, 1976 年) 。 Sethi (1979)認(rèn)為企業(yè)在利益相關(guān)者的壓力下,為追求合法性,應(yīng)該把社會(huì)責(zé)任置于財(cái)務(wù)營(yíng)利之上。普雷斯頓和奧邦農(nóng)( 1997 )認(rèn)為,在負(fù)協(xié)同效應(yīng)作用下,權(quán)責(zé)發(fā)生制中所發(fā)生的資金投資于承擔(dān)社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)導(dǎo)致財(cái)務(wù)狀況惡化?;蛘撸袌?chǎng)均衡可能會(huì)抵消企業(yè)山東大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文22承擔(dān)社會(huì)責(zé)任所發(fā)生的成本(麥克威廉姆斯和西格爾,2022 年)。企業(yè)利益相關(guān)者認(rèn)為,滿足利益相關(guān)者會(huì)提升企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)狀況與經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況(弗里曼, 1984年。波特和 Vander 林德, 1995 年) 。然而,麥圭爾, Sundgren 和Schneeweiss ( 1988 年)發(fā)現(xiàn),承擔(dān)社會(huì)責(zé)任的企業(yè)以前的財(cái)務(wù)狀況優(yōu)于以后的財(cái)務(wù)狀況。麥克威廉姆斯和西格爾( 2022 )認(rèn)為企業(yè)承擔(dān)社會(huì)責(zé)任是為了滿足企業(yè)利益相關(guān)者的要求。在市場(chǎng)均衡中,企業(yè)承擔(dān)社會(huì)責(zé)任所發(fā)生的成本和所獲得收益會(huì)互相補(bǔ)償而達(dá)到一致,這是企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任與財(cái)務(wù)業(yè)績(jī)之間能夠保持平衡的一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)。最后,一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任與財(cái)務(wù)業(yè)績(jī)之間的關(guān)系非常復(fù)雜(鮑曼和海爾,1975 年。摩爾,2022 年。巴內(nèi)特和索羅門,2022年),例如,兩者之間會(huì)呈(逆向)的 U 型關(guān)系(巴內(nèi)特和索羅門,2022 年)。馬戈利斯和沃爾什(2022)總結(jié)眾多觀點(diǎn)得出一個(gè)經(jīng)典的結(jié)論,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)研究中企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任只是作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立變量,用于預(yù)測(cè)企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)狀況。約 50%的研究表明兩者之間存在積極地關(guān)系,25%的研究認(rèn)為二者之間沒有關(guān)系,20%認(rèn)為結(jié)果好壞參半,5%認(rèn)為二者之間存在消極的關(guān)系。少數(shù)調(diào)研把企業(yè)承擔(dān)社會(huì)責(zé)任看作是因變量,在這種調(diào)研中,其中大約 2/3 的研究成果表明二者之間是一種積極的 關(guān)系。馬戈利斯和沃爾什(2022)以方法學(xué)的方法研究問(wèn)題,嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膹母攀鲋刑崛〕鼋Y(jié)論。他們主要的爭(zhēng)議在于對(duì)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任衡量,眾多評(píng)估企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)狀況的方式,以及方向與機(jī)制的因果關(guān)系。此外,Orlitzky ,Schmidt 和 Rynes (2022 )進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng) Meta 分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)在各種背景與部門,企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任與財(cái)務(wù)狀況之間是一種良性的關(guān)系。然而,他們也確定這兩者之間的剩余差額也是非常的大。企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任與財(cái)務(wù)業(yè)績(jī)之間關(guān)系的分析在社會(huì)責(zé)任投資分析方面也起到很大的作用。從組合的角度上講,社會(huì)責(zé)任投資會(huì)在大量資產(chǎn)中減少有價(jià)證券,因此,社會(huì)責(zé)任投資會(huì)削弱資產(chǎn)投資的多樣化。鮑爾,Koedijk 和歐登(2022年)和略(2022 年)提出,社會(huì)責(zé)任組合投資所帶來(lái)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與收益與他們常規(guī)對(duì)口的投資方向并沒有顯著的差異。Geczy ,斯坦博和萊文(2022)認(rèn)為社會(huì)責(zé)任的投資成本取決于投資者的視角。那些不認(rèn)為共同基金的能力優(yōu)于按照資本資產(chǎn)定價(jià)模型運(yùn)行的市場(chǎng)的社會(huì)責(zé)任投資者不會(huì)遭遇投資社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)帶來(lái)風(fēng)山東大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文23險(xiǎn)的情況。然而,那些認(rèn)為世界符合法國(guó)的法瑪(1992)三因素模型的社會(huì)責(zé)任投資者會(huì)遭遇每月算是 30 個(gè)基點(diǎn)的情況( Gezcy 等,2022 年) 。這篇論文的目的是明確的研究企業(yè)承擔(dān)社會(huì)責(zé)任和公司財(cái)務(wù)之間的關(guān)系來(lái)完善目前的論文。這項(xiàng)研究提出的主要問(wèn)題是“企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)業(yè)績(jī)是否優(yōu)于企業(yè)承擔(dān)社會(huì)責(zé)任,或者有其他的關(guān)系?”為了解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題,這項(xiàng)研究將最近的企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)狀況與企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任聯(lián)系起來(lái)。這項(xiàng)研究的創(chuàng)新主要體現(xiàn)在五個(gè)方面。第一,這項(xiàng)研究首次采用明確的模型系統(tǒng)的方法來(lái)分析社會(huì)責(zé)任與財(cái)務(wù)業(yè)績(jī)之間的關(guān)系。它采用兩種不同的方法來(lái)評(píng)估企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任與財(cái)務(wù)業(yè)績(jī)之間的關(guān)系,這種方法稱之為 OLS。第二,這項(xiàng)研究采用了優(yōu)良的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。為了調(diào)查兩者之間的關(guān)系,采用了 Datastream 的財(cái)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)和來(lái)自 Kinder, Lydenberg 和Domini 的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)主要涉及企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的多個(gè)方面的表現(xiàn)(見Sharfman, 1996)。第三個(gè)創(chuàng)新主要表現(xiàn)這項(xiàng)研究研究了多個(gè)時(shí)期的模型。被研究的時(shí)期都很典型,因?yàn)樵谶@時(shí)股票市場(chǎng)混亂,而許多企業(yè)在這時(shí)引入了社會(huì)、道德和環(huán)境政策。第四,財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和社會(huì)責(zé)任不作為都包含在這項(xiàng)研究中。第五,這項(xiàng)研究不僅調(diào)查企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的多個(gè)構(gòu)成部分,而且研究企業(yè)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)、弱點(diǎn),管理的多樣化,雇傭的關(guān)系,環(huán)境行為和產(chǎn)品特性。這篇論文的剩余部分的結(jié)構(gòu)如下。首先引入文中的數(shù)據(jù)和采用的方法。然后,報(bào)告研究的結(jié)果。最后,是對(duì)結(jié)果的討論和一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)潔的總結(jié)。