【正文】 han operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool. For a machine tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programmed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overe the limitation of human operators, and it has done control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the longrun tooling costs are lower. The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology：Electrical discharge machining,Laser cutting,Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and plex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tolls and processes.Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the . Air Force. In its earliest stages, NC machines were able to made straight cuts efficiently and effectively.Turning The engine lathe, one of the oldest metal removal machines, has a number of useful and highly desirable attributes. Today these lathes are used primarily in small shops where smaller quantities rather than large production runs are encountered. The engine lathe has been replaced in today’s production shops by a wide variety of automatic lathes such as automatic of singlepoint tooling for maximum metal removal, and the use of form tools for finish on a par with the fastest processing equipment on the scene today. Tolerances for the engine lathe depend primarily on the skill of the operator. The design engineer must be careful in using tolerances of an experimental part that has been produced on the engine lathe by a skilled operator. In redesigning an experimental part for production, economical tolerances should be used. Turret Lathes Production machining equipment must be evaluated now, more than ever before, this criterion for establishing the production qualification of a specific method, the turret lathe merits a high rating. In designing for low quantities such as 100 or 200 parts, it is most economical to use the turret lathe. In achieving the optimum tolerances possible on the turrets lathe, the designer should strive for a minimum of operations. Automatic Screw Machines, generally, automatic screw machines fall into several categories。 singlespindle automatics, multiplespindle automatics and automatic chucking machines. Originally designed for rapid, automatic production of screws and similar threaded parts, the automatic screw machine has long since exceeded the confines of this narrow field, and today plays a vital role in the mass production of a variety of precision parts. Quantities play an important part in the economy of the parts machined on the automatic screw machine. Quantities less than on the automatic screw machine. The cost of the parts machined can be reduced if the minimum economical lot size is calculated and the proper machine is selected for these quantities. Automatic Tracer Lathes , Since surface roughness depends greatly on material turned, tooling , and feeds and speeds employed, minimum tolerances that can be held on automatic tracer lathes are not necessarily the most economical tolerances. In some cases, tolerances of are held in continuous production using but one cut . groove width can be held to on some parts. Bores and singlepoint finishes can be held to . On highproduction runs where maximum output is desirable, a minimum tolerance of is economical on both diameter and length of turn.2 機械加工介紹車床車床主要是為了進行車外圓、車端面和鏜孔等項工作而設(shè)計的機床。車削很少在其他種類的機床上進行，而且任何一種其他機床都不能像車床那樣方便地進行車削加工。由于車床還可以用來鉆孔和鉸孔，車床的多功能性可以使工件在一次安裝中完成幾種加工。因此，在生產(chǎn)中使用的各種車床比任何其他種類的機床都多。車床的基本部件有：床身、主軸箱組件、尾座組件、溜板組件、絲杠和光杠。床身是車床的基礎(chǔ)件。它能常是由經(jīng)過充分正火或時效處理的灰鑄鐵或者球墨鐵制成。它是一個堅固的剛性框架，所有其他基本部件都安裝在床身上。通常在床身上有內(nèi)外兩組平行的導(dǎo)軌。有些制造廠對全部四條導(dǎo)軌都采用導(dǎo)軌尖朝上的三角形導(dǎo)軌（即山形導(dǎo)軌），而有的制造廠則在一組中或者兩組中都采用一個三角形導(dǎo)軌和一個矩形導(dǎo)軌。導(dǎo)軌要經(jīng)過精密加工以保證其直線度精度。為了抵抗磨損和擦傷，大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代機床的導(dǎo)軌是經(jīng)過表面淬硬的，但是在操作時還應(yīng)該小心，以避免損傷導(dǎo)軌。導(dǎo)軌上的任何誤差，常常意味著整個機床的精度遭到破壞。主軸箱安裝在內(nèi)側(cè)導(dǎo)軌的固定位置上，一般在床身的左端。它提供動力，并可使工件在各種速度下回轉(zhuǎn)。它基本上由一個安裝在精密軸承中的空心主軸和一系列變速齒輪(類似于卡車變速箱)所組成。通過變速齒輪，主軸可以在許多種轉(zhuǎn)速下旋轉(zhuǎn)。大多數(shù)車床有8~12種轉(zhuǎn)速，一般按等比級數(shù)排列。而且在現(xiàn)代機床上只需扳動2~4個手柄，就能得到全部轉(zhuǎn)速。一種正在不斷增長的趨勢是通過電氣的或者機械的裝置進行無級變速。數(shù)字控制先進制造技術(shù)中的一個基本的概念是數(shù)字控制（NC）。在數(shù)控技術(shù)出現(xiàn)之前，所有的機床都是由人工操縱和控制的。在與人工控制的機床有關(guān)的很多局限性中，操作者的技能大概是最突出的問題。采用人工控制是，產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量直接與操作者的技能有關(guān)。數(shù)字控制代表了從人工控制機床走出來的第一步。數(shù)字控制意味著采用預(yù)先錄制的、存儲的符號指令來控制機床和其他制造系統(tǒng)。一個數(shù)控技師的工作不是去操縱機床，而是編寫能夠發(fā)出機床操縱指令的程序。對于一臺數(shù)控機床，其上必須安有一個被稱為閱讀機的界面裝置，用來接受和解譯出編程指令。發(fā)展數(shù)控技術(shù)是為了克服人類操作者的局限性，而且它確實完成了這項工作。數(shù)字控制的機器比人工操縱的機器精度更高、生產(chǎn)出零件的一致性更好、生產(chǎn)速度更快、而且長期的工藝裝備成本更低。數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致了制造工藝中其他幾項新發(fā)明的產(chǎn)生：電火花加工技術(shù)、激光切割、電子束焊接。數(shù)字控制還使得機床比它們采用有人工操的前輩們的用途更為廣泛，一臺數(shù)控機床可以自動生產(chǎn)很多類的零件，每一個零件都可以有不同的和復(fù)雜的加工過程。數(shù)控可以使生產(chǎn)廠家承擔(dān)那些對于采用人工控制的機床和工藝來說，在經(jīng)濟上是不劃算的產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)任務(wù)。同許多先進技術(shù)一樣，數(shù)控誕生于麻省理工學(xué)院的實驗室中。數(shù)控這個概念是50年代初在美國空軍的資助下提出來的。在其最初的價段，數(shù)控機床可以經(jīng)濟和有效地進行直線切割。車削加工 普通車床作為最早的金屬切削機床的一種，目前仍然有許多有用的和為人要的特性和為人們所需的特性?，F(xiàn)在，這些機床主要用在規(guī)模較小的工廠中，進行小批量的生產(chǎn)，而不是進行大批量的和產(chǎn)。 在現(xiàn)代的生產(chǎn)車間中，普通車床已經(jīng)被種類繁多的自動車床所取代，諸如自動仿形車床，六角車床和自動螺絲車床?，F(xiàn)在，設(shè)計人員已經(jīng)熟知先利用單刃刀具去除大量的金屬余量，然后利用成型刀具獲得表面光潔度和精度這種加工方法的優(yōu)點。這種加工方法的生產(chǎn)速度與現(xiàn)在工廠中使用的最快的加工設(shè)備的速度相等。 普通車床的加偏差主要信賴于操作者的技術(shù)熟練程度。設(shè)計工程師應(yīng)該認(rèn)真地確定由熟練工人在普通車床上加工的試驗件的公差。在把試驗伯重新設(shè)計為生產(chǎn)零件時，應(yīng)該選用經(jīng)濟的公差。 六角車床 對生產(chǎn)加工設(shè)備來說，目前比過去更注重評價其是否具有精確的和快速的重復(fù)加工能力。應(yīng)用這個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來評價具體的加工方法，六角車床可以獲得較高的質(zhì)量評定。在為小批量的零件（100~200件）設(shè)計加工方法時，采用六角車床是最經(jīng)濟的。為了在六角車床上獲得盡可能小的公差值。 自動螺絲車床 自動螺絲車床通被分為以下幾種類型：單軸自動、多軸自動和自動夾緊車床。自動螺絲車床最初是被用來對螺釘和類似的帶有螺紋的零件進行自動化和快速加工的。但是，這種車床的用途早就超過了這個狹窄的范圍?，F(xiàn)在，它在許多種類的精密零件的大批量生產(chǎn)中起著重要的作用。工件的數(shù)量對采用自動螺絲車床所加工的零件的經(jīng)濟性有較大的影響。如果工件的數(shù)量少于1000件，在六角車床上進行加工比在自動螺絲車床上加