【正文】 before moving onto the next. It is essential that everyone know exactly what is going on and what the dangers are at every stage.That39。s why the industry needs standardized training, testing and oversight for this work, including a practical assessment of petence. Technicians should have modelspecific training directly from the manufacturer, along with a level of practical experience. Inspectors, too, should be required to have specific technical training. They should be independent from all aspects of installation and maintenance to allow for objective decisions. Key personnel on erection crews should have standard training and testing.When these needs are satisfied, crane operations should be carried out in strict accordance with the manufacturers39。 instructions, engineering principals and governmental laws. But industry stakeholders and lawmakers need to step up their lax standards to protect the public. New York City residents, who have seen their homes turned into dust and debris, would be shocked at the way the industry deals with these issues.The birth worldwide industry early postwar years, the crane industry came to an aImost plete standstill. By the end of the decade, however, crane construction had diversified and spread around the world and the industry seemed infused with newfound energy that left it flourishing as never before. Lightweight cranes that arrived on site ready for use came to dominate construction sites as people realised the advantages of not having to dismantle them between jobs. These new designs did away with the need to have other lifting equipment assisting during rigging a big contrast to the cumbersome rigging of previous designs. But, before all this could happen came the horrors of the Second World War. By 1940 afl of Europe was pletely caught up in the conflict. By the time the war ended, Europe and other parts of the world had been subjected to extraordinary political, economic and social changes that would affect the entire fabric of society, including the construction and crane industries, for many decades to e. In the US, steam lootives were starting to be replaced by diesel by 1953 more than 50 per cent of all lootives would be diesel. During the war the mass production of excavators, scrapers and cranes continued. 1940, for example, saw Thew launch the new 39。Lorain Motocrane39。 series. This consisted of three cranes which, for the first time in history, were mounted on chassis built by the crane manufacturer itselfi The smallest crane, the MC2, could lift tonnes, the MC2 tonnes and the MC3 tonnes. These cranes were delivered to the army by the thousand, and were also mounted on portals for use as harbour cranes (the MC4 model). The war had, of course, taken its toll on the number of ablebodied men available to work in the crane industry and there was a serious shortage of good crane drivers. At Thew, newers were taught crane operations over a twoday course presented by A C Burch, an experienced mechanic and graduate of the Naval Academy, and L K Jenkins. These two gentlemen were probably the originators of 39。operator training39。 as we know it today. As they had actually designed the Motocrane, both knew it inside out and were pleased to pass on this knowledge.In response to the longstanding problems,in which the swinging angle of the hoisted load and the velocity of swinging angle is difficult to measure in engineering practice,a state observer is designed by the use of information about the crane trolley39。s position,and as a result,the trolley loadhoisting system bines with the state observer so conceived to form an online soft measurement introducing the difference between the observer39。s output and that of the trolley loadhoisting system,and transmitting it to the output end of the observer upon gain vector adjusting by the observer,the pole points of the observer are configured on the same point at the negative real axle,thereby realizing a stable,fast soft measurement for the system experiments show that:the online soft measurement system possesses a fairly high level of robustness。as the pole points grow,however,the soft measurement system grows in the scope of adaptability to changes in the hoisted ...更多l(xiāng)oad and in the length of the hoisting wire as the pole points overly grow,a sudden increase in measurement errors may occur either way。when the pole points are set,the result of a soft measurement is more sensitive to the length change of the hoisting rope than to the change of the hoisted load.起重機(jī)的工作需要更多的科學(xué)技術(shù) 塔式起重機(jī)是建筑施工垂直運(yùn)輸?shù)闹饕O(shè)備，也是衡量一個(gè)建筑施工企業(yè)裝備實(shí)力的重要標(biāo)識(shí)，在當(dāng)今競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日益激烈的建筑市場(chǎng)，為滿足施工需要，很多施工企業(yè)都購(gòu)置了塔式起重機(jī)。隨著塔式起重機(jī)在施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的廣泛使用，由塔式起重機(jī)引發(fā)的傷亡事故也越來(lái)越多，給人民的生命財(cái)產(chǎn)帶來(lái)重大損失。據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)有關(guān)部門(mén)統(tǒng)計(jì)資料表明，%。其安全問(wèn)題仍然是建筑施工中的憂患……起重機(jī)的工作需要更多的科學(xué)技術(shù)，松散的培訓(xùn)，測(cè)試和監(jiān)督的要求, 周圍的建筑起重機(jī)給這些工作的人樹(shù)立了一種虛假的安全感，在我們的行業(yè)。最近塔式起重機(jī)倒塌在一個(gè)繁忙的紐約市建筑地盤(pán)應(yīng)敲響警鐘，提醒我們問(wèn)題的存在，并加強(qiáng)我們目前安全的做法。當(dāng)談到安全問(wèn)題時(shí)，訓(xùn)練和測(cè)試是關(guān)鍵。不過(guò)，建造業(yè)是把不合格人員放在建筑起重機(jī)的駕駛位上，甚至沒(méi)有通過(guò)今天的測(cè)試。在許多地方，沒(méi)有任何經(jīng)驗(yàn)必須合格的通過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的測(cè)試。一周的學(xué)習(xí)將給予一些人足夠的知識(shí)足以通過(guò)認(rèn)證考試，然后他們可以跳轉(zhuǎn)到的起重機(jī)的駕駛室。想象一下一個(gè)商業(yè)航空公司飛行員和一個(gè)認(rèn)證的起重機(jī)操作員有相同的訓(xùn)練。你會(huì)如何感覺(jué)，下一次你決定要坐飛機(jī)？在加利福尼亞州，掌握一對(duì)剪刀在頭發(fā)沙龍比操作有潛在危險(xiǎn)的起重機(jī)械需要更多的時(shí)間訓(xùn)練。如何，這是否合理？裝配工人和發(fā)信號(hào)的人也需要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的培訓(xùn)和測(cè)試，以確保安全下鉤。雇主通常允許任何工人發(fā)信號(hào)指揮起重機(jī)上工地 ，盡管最佳做法是需要合格的人這樣做。怎么能允許那么無(wú)證和未受過(guò)訓(xùn)練的人來(lái)代替有工作證或經(jīng)核證的操作者呢？塔式起重機(jī)是特別危險(xiǎn)的，尤其是在市區(qū)用地變得更加擁擠時(shí)。攀登行動(dòng)更是一個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的行動(dòng)，其災(zāi)難性非常高。然而，大多數(shù)塔式起重機(jī)攀登員的訓(xùn)練，在一個(gè)非傳統(tǒng)的方式，通過(guò)二手知識(shí)已流傳一段時(shí)間。問(wèn)題與這種類型的現(xiàn)成的知識(shí)是，多年來(lái)，留下來(lái)的非常少，但最重要的細(xì)節(jié)卻丟失了。這種“滲透”的知識(shí)，導(dǎo)致操作者只能發(fā)展自己的技巧攀登起重機(jī)，往往放棄基本的安全，企圖以節(jié)省時(shí)間和能源.在許多情況下沒(méi)有安全裝置或警報(bào)來(lái)提醒嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題的存在。攀登人員容易遭受到影響安全性至關(guān)重要的決策所帶來(lái)的壓力。攀登時(shí)，使用損壞或泄漏的液壓系統(tǒng)，沒(méi)有任何的調(diào)整，這并不鮮見(jiàn)。在黑暗中工作和延長(zhǎng)工作時(shí)間是時(shí)有發(fā)生的。這種攀登方法，其中的每一次攀登都會(huì)成為新的冒險(xiǎn)，不應(yīng)該作為規(guī)范被采納。攀爬架的設(shè)計(jì)，在制造商之間存在不同，但設(shè)計(jì)的步驟在原則上是相似的。攀登過(guò)程中是相對(duì)比較明了的，配合著的體力勞動(dòng)和技術(shù)程序。這是并不復(fù)雜，它是更多地了解知道正確的序列需要做什么，然后按照下列步驟，一個(gè)又一個(gè)，確保每一步在做下一步前成功完成。這是十分重要，每個(gè)人都清楚的知道事情進(jìn)展的怎么樣，在每一個(gè)階段存在什么樣的危險(xiǎn)。這就是為什么業(yè)界需要規(guī)范的培訓(xùn)，測(cè)試和監(jiān)督，其中包括一個(gè)實(shí)際的評(píng)估能力。技術(shù)人員應(yīng)該隨著實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)的提升，直接從制造商哪里獲得標(biāo)準(zhǔn)訓(xùn)練。視察員同樣也也須有具體的技術(shù)培訓(xùn)。他們應(yīng)獨(dú)立于安裝和維修的各方面，這由客觀決定。架設(shè)的關(guān)鍵人員應(yīng)該有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的訓(xùn)練和測(cè)試.當(dāng)這些需要得到滿足，起重機(jī)作業(yè)應(yīng)進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格按照有關(guān)制造商的指示，工程原則和政府的法律。但業(yè)內(nèi)人士和國(guó)會(huì)議員，要加強(qiáng)他們的寬松標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以保障公眾利益?？吹阶约旱募覉@變成了塵埃和碎片的紐約市居民，會(huì)對(duì)處理這些問(wèn)題的方式感到震驚。 戰(zhàn)后的前幾年，世界性的工業(yè)誕生了，起重機(jī)行業(yè)幾乎完全停