【正文】 into two categories, bearing in mind another principle: assetbased panies and nonasset based panies, using outsourcing in their activities.Assetbased panies possess or obtain through lease contracts means of transportation, warehouses, etc. Nonasset based panies conclude contracts with other firms, rendering all or part of the services in the field of physical distribution. Firms providing information services are a variation of nonasset based panies which act as intermediaries in the optimization of pany’s logistics systems and interact with other assetbased panies on a contract basis.According to the requirements of Armstrongamp。Associates (1999), over 1/3 of the revenue belongs to nonasset based logistics providers, employed in the sphere of rendering valueadded services in the field of warehousing and to the panies optimizing transportation.In addition to the above mentioned general advantages, the use of logistics outsourcing is being extended because of:High quality servicing by the specialized pany。Growing flexibility of the pany, using outsourcing。Synergic effect。Insufficient expertise among employees in the pany, using outsourcing。Experience in panies, providing logistics services。Strategic reasons.4.Activities that can be passed to logistics outsourcingIn logistics there is a multitude of plex activities, which can be passed for execution to outsourcing panies. These might include: management of inbound material flow (supply management), inventory management, and management of procedures for receiving and handling of customer offers, conventional and special packaging, transportation, JIT (justintime) deliveries, warehousing, information and software and hardware maintenance. Yet before a function will be passed to outsourcing pany it has to be considered which aspects of the pany activity will be influenced (. distribution costs, supervision of the supply chain, pany flexibility, customer service, seasonal fluctuations in product demand and/or implementing a new product).When the issue of outsourcing is being decided, many panies reject it and maintain the distribution function on its own, because panies could possess warehouses, car pool, etc. This way or the other, the possibility of using outsourcing may be treated even in those cases, because the issue of exploitation costs is more important.Besides personnel costs and costs for maintenance of equipment and premises (. warehouses, etc.) there are other costs that can be difficult to include in the structure of the balance sheet (which are not less important). These are costs for transportation management, security costs, and costs for using means of transportation, information service costs, taxes, costs for regulation of administrative and personnel issues, and legal support.Information is an important aspect in the pany’s logistics activity and a basic source of control in the logistics chain.There is an opinion that the outsourcing of pany’s logistics will lead to loss of control over the logistics chain. Yet many 3PL providers possess new, tested technologies, with the help of which, the processes of warehousing and transportation can be linked into a unified information flow.Today the market conditions are changing rapidly and those panies, wishing to be petitive, require quick reactions both from their subsidiaries and the panies, which are under contract for outsourcing.The buyer is being more demanding and knowledgeable nowadays and his/her choice is wider than ever. The outsourcing organization has the possibility to quickly expand the existing market opportunities without attracting permanent assistants. It can also take advantage of its network of carriers, in order to expand the options for transportation.The situation in a pany may vary from survival to profit in accordance with the extent to which it satisfies customer expectations. It can be expected that the internal departments of the organization identify the situation more quickly and more acutely than the outsourcing pany.Yet for the servicing organizations to render services is a means for survival, hence their success is directly linked with the success of the clientpany.When an external logistics partner is being chosen it should be interested in discussing not only its own needs, but also the needs of the customers of its user organization. The logistics organization has to set standards for key parameters of its activity. Professional providers may implement a number of programs in order to maintain and improve the quality of their services. They usually include performance metrics in their contracts.When they surpass their customers’ expectations they offer to discuss agreements on the basis of the participation in the division of profit, and when they fail to plete the set assignment they are ready to pay fines and forfeiture.Many carriers of goods maintain a range of products, characterized by the significant seasonal fluctuations in demand. These fluctuations influence distribution and transportation volumes. The maintenance of own assets is also a prerequisite for generating excess costs. Outsourcing of warehousing and transportation services therefore is an adequate alternative to own car pool and warehouse premises.When a pany introduces a new product on the market this usually causes alterations in the logistics chain. Furthermore, mercialization of the product suggests two alternatives – the product may succeed in prevailing on the market or it may not. The external organization can improve significantly the effectiveness of distribution by cutting the costs for maintenance of premises (. warehouses), basic equipment (cars) and human resources (personnel).附錄B 外文翻譯—譯文部分物流外包—確保一個組織競爭優(yōu)勢的一種手段摘要物流方式表明將交付供應鏈中的獨立單位整合成一個統一的系統的目標，完成結果所需的時間和資源的損失降到最小的材料和信息流動的直接管理。一個最新方法的實施為公司的物流管理提供更多的成效，這個方法就是外包。物流外包帶來諸多好處，如：減少庫存、減少訂單的交貨時間、提高運輸質量、擴大生產的靈活