【正文】 少了：“1995 年 12 月份是票價(jià)從 美元上升為 美元的第一個(gè)完整月份，這個(gè)月份乘坐地鐵的人比去年同期減少了 400 萬(wàn)人次，減少了 %?！?。(點(diǎn)彈性，沒(méi)用中點(diǎn)法the midpoint method) ，說(shuō)說(shuō)在票價(jià)上升后，地鐵部門(mén)的收入有何變化？ With inelastic demand, the Transit Authority39。s revenue rises when the fare rises.？ it is only the first month after the fare increase. As time goes by, people may switch to other means of transportation in response to the price increase. So the elasticity may be larger in the long run than it is in the short run.10. 湯姆和杰瑞一人開(kāi)一輛車(chē)到加油站加油。還沒(méi)看到價(jià)格，每個(gè)人都已下了訂單。湯姆說(shuō)，“我要 10 加侖汽油?！苯苋鹫f(shuō)，“我要 10 美元的汽油?！彼麄兊男枨髢r(jià)格彈性分為多少？ Tom39。s price elasticity of demand is zero, since he wants the same quantity regardless of the price. Jerry39。s price elasticity of demand is one, since he spends the same amount on gas, no matter what the price, which means his percentage change in quantity is equal to the percentage change in price. 。 年青人對(duì)香煙需求的價(jià)格彈性大于成年人的。為什么這個(gè)結(jié)論可能是正確的？ have less ine, a higher price elasticity of demand. adults are more likely to be addicted to cigarettes, making it more difficult to reduce their quantity demanded in response to a higher price.。博物館資金不足，因此你決定增加門(mén)票收入。你應(yīng)該提高還是降低門(mén)票的價(jià)格？為什么？ you need to know if the demand is elastic or inelastic. If demand is elastic, a decline in the price of admissions will increase total revenue. If demand is inelastic, an increase in the price of admissions will cause total revenue to rise.，計(jì)算機(jī)的需求通常富有彈性。假設(shè)技術(shù)進(jìn)步使得這兩種商品的供給都變?yōu)樵瓉?lái)的 2 倍（也就是說(shuō)，每個(gè)價(jià)格水平上的供給量都是原來(lái)的 2 倍）。 ？ 價(jià)格下降，數(shù)量增加？ ？ ？ a. As Figure 2 shows, the increase in supply reduces the equilibrium price and increases the equilibrium quantity in both markets.b. In the market for pharmaceutical drugs (with inelastic demand), the increase in supply leads to a relatively large decline in the equilibrium price and a small increase in the equilibrium quantity. Figure 2c. In the market for puters (with elastic demand), the increase in supply leads to a relatively large increase in the equilibrium quantity and a small decline in the equilibrium price.d. Because demand is inelastic in the market for pharmaceutical drugs, the percentage increase in quantity will be lower than the percentage decrease in price。 thus, total consumer spending will decline. Because demand is elastic in the market for puters, the percentage increase in quantity will be greater than the percentage decrease in price, so total consumer spending will increase.，密蘇里河與密西西比河的洪水摧毀了附近成千上萬(wàn)畝小麥。 ，但是小麥未被摧毀的農(nóng)民們卻從洪水中受益。為什么？ ，你需要關(guān)于小麥?zhǔn)袌?chǎng)的哪些信息？ the destruction of some of the crops reduced the supply, causing the equilibrium price to rise.b. the price elasticity of demand. It could be that the total revenue received by all farmers as a group actually rose. If the demand is inelastic. 15. 解釋下列論斷為何可能是正確的：全世界發(fā)生干旱能提高農(nóng)民們銷(xiāo)售谷物所得的總收入，但如果只是美國(guó)堪薩斯州發(fā)生了干旱，那么堪薩斯州的農(nóng)民的總收入就會(huì)減少。The drought reduces the supply of grain, but if demand is inelastic, the reduction of supply causes a large increase in price. Total farm revenue would rise as a result. If there is only a drought in Kansas, Kansas’ production is not a large enough proportion of the total farm product to have much impact on the price. As a result, price does not change (or changes by only a slight amount), while the output by Kansas farmers declines, thus reducing their ine.Unit61. 古典音樂(lè)的發(fā)燒友勸服政府對(duì)音樂(lè)會(huì)門(mén)票價(jià)格設(shè)置了 40 元的價(jià)格上限，結(jié)果去聽(tīng)音樂(lè)會(huì)的人變多了還是變少了？ If the price ceiling of $40 per ticket is below the equilibrium price, then quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied, so there will be a shortage of tickets. The policy decreases the number of people who attend classical music concerts, because the quantity supplied is lower because of the lower price.。 。畫(huà)圖分析它對(duì)奶酪價(jià)格和銷(xiāo)售量的影響。奶酪出現(xiàn)了短缺還是過(guò)剩現(xiàn)象？ 。這事有可能嗎？請(qǐng)解釋。 ，同意以?xún)r(jià)格下限的價(jià)格水平購(gòu)買(mǎi)所有過(guò)剩的奶酪。與原來(lái)只實(shí)行價(jià)格下限政策相比，誰(shuí)從這個(gè)新政策中獲益？誰(shuí)遭受了損失？ producers benefit and taxpayers lose. Producers would produce quantity Q3 of cheese, and their total revenue would increase substantially. However, consumers would buy only quantity Q2 of cheese, so they are in the same position as before. Taxpayers lose because they would be financing the purchase of the surplus cheese through higher taxes.，游戲飛盤(pán)的需求和供給表為： 8 飛盤(pán)制造者對(duì)政府宣稱(chēng)，飛盤(pán)提高了科學(xué)家對(duì)空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)的理解程度，因此對(duì)國(guó)家安全非常重要。國(guó)會(huì)表決同意對(duì)飛盤(pán)實(shí)行 2 元的價(jià)格下限，該價(jià)格下限高于均衡價(jià)格。新的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格是多少？飛盤(pán)的銷(xiāo)量是多少？ 10 the quantity demanded.，要求政府降低飛盤(pán)的價(jià)格。國(guó)會(huì)因此取消了價(jià)格下限并設(shè)置了價(jià)格上限，該價(jià)格上限比原來(lái)的價(jià)格下降低 1 元錢(qián)。新的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格是多少？飛盤(pán)的銷(xiāo)量是多少？ 9 it has no effect, because the market equilibrium price is $8, which is below the ceiling. So the market price is $8 and the quantity sold is six million Frisbees. 2 元的稅收。（事實(shí)上，聯(lián)邦政府和州政府都征收某種形式的啤酒稅。） ，在圖中標(biāo)示出消費(fèi)者支付的價(jià)格、生產(chǎn)者得到的價(jià)格以及啤酒的銷(xiāo)量。消費(fèi)者支付的價(jià)格和生產(chǎn)者得到的價(jià)格之差是多少？啤酒的銷(xiāo)量是增加了還是減少了？ 。他的助手建議說(shuō)：既然工資稅由企業(yè)繳納一部分、職工繳納一部分，只要提高企業(yè)繳納的那部分工資稅、降低職工繳納的那部分工資稅，而且做到企業(yè)多繳的部分足夠補(bǔ)償職工少繳納的部分，那么就能實(shí)現(xiàn)你的目標(biāo)。這個(gè)助手的建議正確嗎？為什么？ Wrong.It would not make workers better off, because the division of the burden of a tax depends on the elasticity of supply and demand and not on who must pay the tax. The less elastic ,the more burden.Because the tax wedge would be larger, it is likely that both firms and workers, who share the burden of any tax, would be worse off.(the more elastic the more tax) 500 元的奢侈品稅，征稅后價(jià)格會(huì)上升。站在消費(fèi)者的角度來(lái)看，該汽車(chē)的價(jià)格上漲幅度是大于、小于還是恰好等于 500 元？ a luxury car likely has an elastic demand, the price will rise by less than $500. The burden of any tax is shared by both producers and consumers (非答案，也可寫(xiě)上)The only exceptions would be if the supply curve were perfectly elastic or the demand curve were perfectly inelastic, in which case consumers would bear the full burden of the tax and the price paid by consumers would rise by exactly $500.，從而減少空氣污染。他們對(duì)市場(chǎng)上出售的汽油征稅，每單位汽油征收 元。 （即供給者）征稅還是對(duì)汽油的消費(fèi)者征稅？使用供給和需求圖詳細(xì)解釋。 It does not matter whether the tax is imposed on producers or consumers190。the effect will be the sameIf the tax is imposed on producers, the supply curve shifts up by the amount of the tax (50 cents) to S2. Then the equilibrium quantity is Q2, the price paid by consumers is P2, and the price received (after taxes are paid) by producers i