【正文】 ns from trade since England has a higher opportunity cost 100 件襯衫或 20 臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)，而每個(gè)中國人每年可以生產(chǎn)100 件襯衫和 10 臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)。 Scotland will produce sweaters and trade them for scones produced in England. A trade with a price between 20 and 50 scones per sweater will benefit both countries, as they39。每個(gè)蘇格蘭工人每小時(shí)可以生產(chǎn) 40 個(gè)烤餅或 2 件毛衣。加拿大應(yīng)該接受這個(gè)買賣嗎？ （美國不給錢的情況）If the United States buys 10 million cars from Canada and Canada continues to consume 10 million cars, then Canada will need to produce a total of 20 million cars. So Canada will be producing at the vertical intercept（縱截距）of the production possibilities frontier. But if Canada gets 20 bushels of wheat per car, it will be able to consume 200 million bushels of wheat, along with the 10 million cars. This is shown as point B in the figure. Canada should accept the deal because it gets the same number of cars and 50 million more bushes of wheat.（所有加拿大人都去生產(chǎn)汽車）。 Since the tradeoff between cars and wheat is always the same, the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.d. 現(xiàn)在假設(shè)美國愿意從加拿大購買 1000 萬單位汽車，每輛車的購買價(jià)為 20 單位小麥。 15 bushels of wheat. 1/15 of a car。 The highest price of pizza is 2/3 of a gallon of root beer.The lowest price of pizza is 1/2 of a gallon of root beer. 1000 萬工人，每個(gè)工人每年可以生產(chǎn) 2 單位的汽車或 30 單位的麥子。求能使兩個(gè)人狀況都變好的比薩最高交易價(jià)格和最低交易價(jià)格。 。帕特制造一單位汽水需要 4 小時(shí)、制造一單位比薩需要 2 小時(shí)。 suppose the United States changed 1 worker from producing cars to producing grain. Japan changes 1 worker from producing grain to producing cars. That worker would produce 4 more cars and 5 fewer tons of grain.suppose the United States offers to trade 7 tons of grain to Japan for 4 cars. The United States will do this because it values 4 cars at 10 tons of grain, so it will be better off if the trade goes through. Japan will take the trade because it values 4cars at 5 tons of grain, so it will be better off. With the trade and the change of 1 worker in both the United States and Japan, each country gets the same amount of cars as before and both get additional tons of grain (3 for the United States and 2 for Japan). Thus by trading and changing their production, both countries are better off.(Pat)和克麗絲(Kris)是室友。分求出每個(gè)國家的汽車和谷物的產(chǎn)量。 1 輛汽車和 1 噸谷物的機(jī)會(huì)成本分為多少？日本呢？仿照教材圖 1 中的表，畫表總結(jié)這些信息。 100 million 1 中的表，畫出表述上述情形的表。每個(gè)美國人每年可以生產(chǎn) 10 噸谷物，而每個(gè)日本人每年可以生產(chǎn) 5 噸谷物。 。她在 1 小時(shí)內(nèi)也能學(xué)習(xí) 50頁的社會(huì)學(xué)教科書。請解釋原因。 。使用你在（a）部分的答案，在圖中標(biāo)記出 A、B、C 和 D 點(diǎn)。（C） 拉里的一半時(shí)間用于割草、一半時(shí)間用于洗車；而摩爾只洗車，克莉只割草。（A） 所有三個(gè)人將所有時(shí)間用于洗車。 ，我們將這四種情形分記為 A、B、C、D。每人每工作10 小時(shí)，他們生產(chǎn)兩種服務(wù)：割草和洗車。使用生產(chǎn)可能性邊界說明社會(huì)在下列兩種“商品”上的權(quán)衡：一是清潔的環(huán)境，二是企業(yè)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量。用黃油的產(chǎn)量增加量衡量，哪一個(gè)政黨得到了更大的“和平紅利（peace dividend）”？請解釋。 。 ，分稱為鷹黨（他們想要強(qiáng)大的軍事）和鴿黨（他們想要較小的軍事）。 Figure 6 shows a production possibilities frontier between guns and butter. It is bowed out because the opportunity cost of butter depends on how much butter and how many guns the economy is producing. When the economy is producing a lot of butter, workers and machines best suited to making guns are being used to make butter, so each unit of guns given up yields a small increase in the production of butter. Thus, the frontier is steep and the opportunity cost of producing butter is high. When the economy is producing a lot of guns, workers and machines best suited to making butter are being used to make guns, so each unit of guns given up yields a large increase in the production of butter. Thus, the frontier is very flat and the opportunity cost of producing butter is low. c. 在圖中找到該經(jīng)濟(jì)無法實(shí)現(xiàn)的一點(diǎn)。 。 （Sally）因擁有阿克姆企業(yè) 10%的產(chǎn)權(quán)而賺取了 10,000 元。 （Stuart）在快餐店工作，每小時(shí)掙 元。指出與下列每種活動(dòng)相伴的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)流向以及貨幣流向。說說每種方法的可能的短期結(jié)果和長期結(jié)果。A policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the benefits of lower inflation pared to the cost of higher unemployment.。，你正在決定是否降低通貨膨脹率。貨幣增加使得持有貨幣者的財(cái)富縮水，所能購買的商品和勞務(wù)數(shù)量減少，就像是向每個(gè)持有貨幣的人征了稅，引發(fā)了通貨膨脹。當(dāng)貨幣發(fā)行過多時(shí)，是向誰“征稅”？為什么？持有貨幣者被“征稅”了。 ？.對醫(yī)療提供方式進(jìn)行多種改革，提供多種靈活的醫(yī)療方式，更有效地利用了醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域的資源，促進(jìn)更多產(chǎn)出，提高了美國的生產(chǎn)率。該法案有兩個(gè)目的，一是為更多的美國人提供醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)（方法是對美國高收入家庭征稅然后用于補(bǔ)貼低收入家庭），二是降低醫(yī)療服務(wù)的成本（方法是對醫(yī)療服務(wù)提供系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行各種改革）。所以高儲(chǔ)蓄換來的生產(chǎn)率提高只會(huì)使社會(huì)暫時(shí)獲益無法持久。如果銀行將多出的這部分儲(chǔ)蓄借給商人，商人用這些錢建立工廠，這種做法如何加快了生產(chǎn)力的增長？你認(rèn)為誰從較高的生產(chǎn)力中得到了好處？社會(huì)能得到免費(fèi)的午餐嗎？ the same number of workers will have more equipment to work with.the workers, get more payment since they39?！?Efficiency? currently doctors form a monopoly and restrict health care to keep their ines high,so efficiency would increase by providing more health care.if the government mandated increased spending on health care, the economy would be less efficient because it would give people more health care than they would choose to pay for. From the point of view of equity, poor people are less likely to have adequate health care, an improvement. Each person would have a more even slice of the economic pie, though the pie would consist of more health care and less of other goods.b.“工人在被解雇后，應(yīng)該允許他們在找到新工作前一直領(lǐng)取失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)金。s monopoly power. e. Equityf. Efficiency: There is an externality because of accidents caused by drunk drivers.。如果是更關(guān)注效率，分析可能涉及的市場失靈情形。如果你的室友只做飯而你只打掃衛(wèi)生，這比你們各干各的家務(wù)花費(fèi)更多還是更少時(shí)間？再舉一個(gè)類似的例子說明專業(yè)化和貿(mào)易如何使兩個(gè)國家的狀況更好。 a. 這種改革對窮人的工作激勵(lì)有何影響？ they have greater incentive to find jobsb. 這種改革對平等和效率之間的權(quán)衡有何影響（更側(cè)重于效率還是平等）？ the change in the law is one that increases efficiency but reduces equity.someone who can39。如果接受救濟(jì)的某個(gè)老人決定去工作以爭取部分收入，那么他從社會(huì)保障得到的錢數(shù)通常就會(huì)減少。d pay up to $3 million；any more than that, and you won39。如果你還需要再投入 100 萬元才能完成該產(chǎn)品的研發(fā)，你會(huì)繼續(xù)下去嗎？為了完成研發(fā)，你最多愿意支付多殺錢？ $5 million is the sunk cost. What matters now is the chance to earn profits at the margin.If you spend another $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, you39。對于這筆錢你有兩個(gè)選擇，你可以現(xiàn)在就花掉或者存入銀行，銀行利率為 5%，你現(xiàn)在就將這筆錢花掉的機(jī)會(huì)成本是多大？ you are giving up the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now. 500 萬元開發(fā)某個(gè)新產(chǎn)品，但研發(fā)尚未結(jié)束。在這種情形下，去滑雪的成本是什么？請解釋。d rather have the new clubs or the vacation. 2. think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation，但你朋友讓你去滑雪。你如何比較度假的收益和成本？ two ways： the vacation with what you would do in its place。s profits pared to other alternatives. （upgrade existi