【導(dǎo)讀】歷史時(shí)期，代表作家，代表作品。）、散文的分類和不同的表現(xiàn)形式。像我國(guó)的唐詩(shī)宋詞，老少皆知。英國(guó)文學(xué)有其漫長(zhǎng)的發(fā)展過(guò)程，包括最初的中世紀(jì)文學(xué)、文藝復(fù)興、新古典主義、浪漫主義、現(xiàn)實(shí)主義、現(xiàn)代主義等幾個(gè)大的歷史發(fā)展和變遷。文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動(dòng)傳入英國(guó)的時(shí)間較晚，大約在十六世紀(jì)，于伊麗莎白和詹姆士一世時(shí)期走向繁榮。于十七世紀(jì)逐漸淡出歷史舞臺(tái)。文藝復(fù)興是西方文化發(fā)展史上的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。文藝復(fù)興宣告了一個(gè)新時(shí)代。反宗教、倡人性成了16、17世紀(jì)英國(guó)當(dāng)時(shí)的主要社會(huì)思潮。是文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期形成的新興資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的進(jìn)步思想，也是當(dāng)時(shí)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)反封建的思想武器。主要作品是《烏托邦》Utopia批判了當(dāng)時(shí)英國(guó)社會(huì)的丑惡現(xiàn)象，并設(shè)想了一個(gè)未來(lái)的大同社會(huì)。烏托邦已成為空想社會(huì)主義的代名詞?，F(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)亨利菲爾丁的《湯姆瓊斯》書信體小說(shuō)家塞繆爾理查遜的《帕米拉》epistolarynovel

　　

【正文】 h The Jacobean Age (1603—25): the Metaphysical poetryThe Caroline Period (1625—1649): the Cavalier poetryThe Revolutionary period or The Puritan Age (1640—1660): MiltonThe Period of Restoration (1660—1688): Age of DrydenIII．The Revolutionary period or The Puritan Age (1640——1660): Milton1. Milton(16081674) towers over his age as Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan age and as Chaucer towers over the medieval period. Milton is often considered the greatest English poet after Shakespeare.Cambridge6 years study at hometravel in Europe反對(duì)有腳韻的詩(shī)體，認(rèn)為“用韻是野蠻時(shí)代的發(fā)明，是為了挽救卑劣的內(nèi)容和蹩腳的格律而來(lái)的?！币虼耍皩?duì)于能審律的耳朵，韻是不足道之物，并不產(chǎn)生真正的樂(lè)感。樂(lè)感只能產(chǎn)生于恰當(dāng)?shù)母衤桑瑪?shù)目合適的音節(jié)，能把意思有變化地從一行伸展到另一行的安排，而不在于詩(shī)行尾上是否有同樣的聲音叮當(dāng)作響。”2. Three literary Periods(1) The period of preparation: The elegy Lycidas利西達(dá)斯, the masques Comus科瑪斯, the Ode on the Morning of Christ’s Nativity,基督誕生之晨 (2) The political period: Defence of the English people為英國(guó)人民聲辯, pamphlets and sonnets(3) The last glory: Paradise Lost失樂(lè)園, Paradise Regained復(fù)樂(lè)園 and Samson 。 3. The Writing Features of Milton(1) Milton is a great stylist. His poetry has a grand style（莊嚴(yán)體）. That is because he made a lifelong study of classical and Biblical literature. His poetry is noted for sublimity of thought and majesty of expression. Milton is also difficult to read, because of his involved style with frequent inversions and very plicated sentence structure. His sentences are often long. Yet, to express his sublimity of thought, he wrote in a style that is unsurpassed in its sonority, eloquence, majesty and grandeur―the Miltonic style. (2) Milton is a great master of blank verse. He is the first to use bland verse in nondramatic poetry. He has used it as the main tool in his masterpiece “Paradise Lost”. His blank verse is rich in every poetic quality and never monotonous.Blank verse is the verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. (3) Revolutionary ideas or spirit reflected in his poems. John Milton is a great revolutionary poet of the 17th century. He is also an outstanding political pamphleteer of the Revolution period. He dedicated himself to the revolutionary cause. He made a strong influence on the later English poetry. 4. The Masterpiece: Paradise Lost (1667 ) Paradise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece, and the greatest English epic. It is a long epic in 12 books, done in blank verse. The stories were taken from the Old Testament: the creation。 the rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellowangels。 their defeat and expulsion(逐出) from Heaven。 the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve。 the fallen angels in hell plotting against God。 Satan’s temptation of Eve。 and the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden.In this long epic, he praises Satan’s challenge and revolt to God. As a puritan, Milton should have praised God but in his epic God was not as good as expected. So people find the hidden meaning: the whole poem is a challenge to the victory of the royal government. The war between God and Satan echoed the Civil War between the Crown and the parliament. Through his poem, Milton expressed his love of freedom.IV. Preview When I Consider How My Light is Spent 167 and What though the field be lost? 171Sole reigning, holds the tyranny of IX. Session Ten Close reading of Milton’s poem When I Consider How My Light Is SpentA. Prereading questions for classroom discussion1. What’s the main idea of this poem?2. Identify the rhyme scheme of the poem. B. Teaching points 1. Theme: Being rather than doing. This poem was written after Milton lost his sight. In this poem, the poet expressed that he has intended to serve God with his talent, but God made him sightless. In the latter half of the poem he explains for himself that God does not need man’s work or his gifts. They serve him best who can endure his suffering best. In this way, he had found the courage to live on in this dark world and wide.2. It is written in the Petrarchian sonnet rhyming abba abba cde cde.3. Ere half my days: before half of my days4. dark world and wide: dark and wide world5. And that one talent: And (when I consider how) that one talent. Talent: literary talent of the poet6. which is death to hide: to hide which is death (to hide talent is same as death)7. Lodged: (is) lodged8. though my soul more bent: though my soul (be) more bent. Bent: eager9. to serve therewith my Maker: to serve my Maker with it. Therewith: with which (talent)10. Doth God exact daylabour, light denied?: light denied: if light is denied11. fondly: foolishly12. murmur: plaint13. soon: quickly14. Who best / Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best: they who best bear his mild yoke serve him best. Yoke: the obligation and duty that God put on man.15. thousands: thousands (of angels)16. post: hasten, hurry up17. o’er: over18. They also serve who only stand and wait: They who only stand and wait also serve (God)C. Questions for study and discussion1. How is the word “talent” used? Why is it “Death” to hide it?2. How do you understand the word “wait”, the last word of the whole sonnet?X. Session Eleven the 17th Century (下)XI. Metaphysical poetry and Cavalier poetryThe Metaphysical Poets: The name is now applied to a diverse group of 17thcentury English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and farfetched imagery. The leading metaphysical poet was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics. Other poets include Andrew Marvell, Abraham Cowley, John Cleveland and the predominantly religious poets George Herbert, Henry Vaughan and Richard Crashaw. Conceit: an unusually farfetched or elaborate metaphor or simile presenting a surprisingly apt parallel between two apparently dissimilar things or feelings. Poetic conceits are prominent in Elizabethan love sonnets, in m