【導(dǎo)讀】事長(zhǎng)詩(shī)，長(zhǎng)達(dá)3000行。故事的舞臺(tái)位于北歐的斯堪的納維亞半島。是以古英語(yǔ)記載的傳說(shuō)。中最古老的一篇，在語(yǔ)言學(xué)方面也是相當(dāng)珍貴的文獻(xiàn)。貝奧武夫乃現(xiàn)存古英文文學(xué)中最偉大之作，也是歐洲最早的方言史詩(shī)。并未提及英國(guó)，但學(xué)者相信該詩(shī)約於西元七二五年左右在英國(guó)完成。全詩(shī)凡三千一百八十二。行，以斯堪地那維亞的英雄貝奧武夫的英勇事跡構(gòu)成主要內(nèi)容。雖然歷史上并未證實(shí)確有貝。奧武夫其人，但詩(shī)中所提及的許多其他人物與事跡卻得到印證。子貝奧武夫率家臣來(lái)訪，協(xié)助除害。國(guó)王當(dāng)晚設(shè)宴款待，熟料妖怪格蘭戴又復(fù)出現(xiàn)，捉食一。名濟(jì)茲戰(zhàn)士，貝奧武夫與之格斗，貝氏扭斷其臂，妖怪落荒而逃，因受重傷致死。上，格蘭戴的母親前來(lái)為其子復(fù)仇，其后貝氏把她在一湖泊的洞穴中殺死。第二部分描敘貝奧武夫返國(guó)，被擁為王，前后五十年，舉國(guó)大治。最后貝奧武夫以垂老之年，殺一噴火巨龍，但其個(gè)人亦因而身受重創(chuàng)，終於身死。培根,英國(guó)唯物主義和現(xiàn)代科學(xué)奠基人,散文家.

　　

【正文】 tyeight. Furthermore, much of the appeal of Defoe39。s novel is the detailed and captivating account of Crusoe39。s thoughts, occupations and activities which goes far beyond that of Rogers39。 basic descriptions of Selkirk, which account for only a few pages.[citation needed] Tim Severin39。s book Seeking Robinson Crusoe (2020) unravels a much wider and more plausible range of potential sources of inspiration, and concludes by identifying castaway surgeon Henry Pitman as the most likely. An employee of the Duke of Monmouth, Pitman played a part in the Monmouth Rebellion. His short book about his desperate escape from a Caribbean penal colony, followed by his shipwrecking and subsequent desert island misadventures, was published by J. Taylor of Paternoster Row, London, whose son William Taylor later published Defoe39。s novel. Severin argues that since Pitman appears to have lived in the lodgings above the father39。s publishing house and that Defoe himself was a mercer in the area at the time, Defoe may have met Pitman in person and learned of his experiences firsthand, or possibly through submission of a draft.[citation needed] Severin also discusses another publicised case of a marooned man named only as Will, of the Miskito people of Central America, who may have led to the depiction of Man Friday.[8] [edit] Interpretations Despite its plicated narrative style and the absence of the supposedly indispensable love motive, it was received well in the literary world. The book is considered one of the most widely published books in history (behind some of the sacred texts).[citation needed] It has been a hit since the day it was published, and continues to be highly regarded to this day. [edit] Colonial Crusoe standing over Friday after he frees him from the cannibals. Novelist James Joyce noted that the true symbol of the British conquest is Robinson Crusoe: He is the true prototype of the British colonist. ? The whole AngloSaxon spirit is in Crusoe: the manly independence, the unconscious cruelty, the persistence, the slow yet efficient intelligence, the sexual apathy, the calculating taciturnity.[9] In a sense Crusoe attempts to replicate his own society on the island. This is achieved through the application of European technology, agriculture, and even a rudimentary political hierarchy. Several times in the novel Crusoe refers to himself as the 39。king39。 of the island, whilst the captain describes him as the 39。governor39。 to the mutineers. At the very end of the novel the island is explicitly referred to as a 39。colony.39。 The idealized masterservant relationship Defoe depicts between Crusoe and Friday can also be seen in terms of cultural imperialism. Crusoe represents the 39。enlightened39。 European whilst Friday is the 39。savage39。 who can only be redeemed from his supposedly barbarous way of life through assimilation into Crusoe39。s culture. Nevertheless, within the novel Defoe also takes the opportunity to criticize the historic Spanish conquest of South America. [edit] Religious According to . Hunter, Robinson is not a hero, but an everyman. He begins as a wanderer, aimless on a sea he does not understand, and ends as a pilgrim, crossing a final mountain to enter the promised land. The book tells the story of how Robinson bees closer to God, not through listening to sermons in a church but through spending time alone amongst nature with only a Bible to read. Robinson Crusoe is filled with religious aspects. Defoe was himself a Puritan moralist, and normally worked in the guide tradition, writing books on how to be a good Puritan Christian, such as The New Family Instructor (1728) and Religious Courtship (1732). While Robinson Crusoe is far more than a guide, it shares many of the same themes and theological and moral points of view. The very name Crusoe may have been taken from Timothy Cruso, a classmate of Defoe39。s who had written guide books himself, including God the Guide of Youth (1685), before dying at an early age — just eight years before Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe. Cruso would still have been remembered by contemporaries and the association with guide books is clear. It has even been suggested that God the Guide of Youth inspired Robinson Crusoe because of a number of passages in that work that are closely tied to the novel。 however this is speculative.[10] The Biblical story of Jonah is alluded to in the first part of novel. Like Jonah, Crusoe neglects his 39。duty39。 and is punished at sea. A central concern of Defoe39。s in the novel is the Christian notion of Providence. Crusoe often feels himself guided by a divinely ordained fate, thus explaining his robust optimism in the face of apparent hopelessness. His various fortunate intuitions are taken as evidence of a benign spirit world. Defoe also foregrounds this theme by arranging highly significant events in the novel to occur on Crusoe39。s birthday. [edit] Moral When confronted with the cannibals, Crusoe wrestles with the problem of cultural relativism. Despite his disgust, he feels unjustified in holding the natives morally responsible for a practice so deeply ingrained in their culture. Nevertheless he retains his belief in an absolute standard of morality。 he regards cannibalism as a 39。national crime39。 and forbids Friday from practicing it. Modern readers may also note that despite Crusoe39。s apparently superior morality, in mon with the culture of his day, he uncritically accepts the institution of slavery. [edit] Economic In classical and neoclassical economics, Crusoe is regularly used to illustrate the theory of production and choice in the absence of trade, money and prices.[11] Crusoe must allocate effort between production and leisure, and must choose between alternative production possibilities to meet his needs. The ar