【正文】 f English poetry. Troilus and Criseyde 特羅伊拉斯和克萊希德 . The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集 , 以一伙來自社會各個(gè)階層的香客在宗教朝圣的 路上講述故事為線索，向我們清楚地展示了那個(gè)時(shí)代人們的生活。 most of the stalls are closed. The only sound is the fall of coins as men count their money. Worst of all, however, is the vision of sexuality of his future that he receives when he stops at one of the few remaining open stalls. The young woman minding the stall is engaged in a conversation with two young men. Though he is potentially a customer, she only grudgingly and briefly waits on him before returning to her frivolous conversation. His idealized vision of Araby is destroyed, along with his idealized vision of Mangan’s sister: and of love. With shame and anger rising within him, he exits the bazaar. [edit] Characters As this story uses a first person limited narration, the most plex and developed character in the story is the narrator. The narrator faces two distinct challenges in Araby: the challenge of growing into manhood and the challenge of growing intellectually and emotionally in an environment so poisonous to the imagination that it all but guarantees a life of drudgery. The one informs the other。 now that he has seen the Araby market for what it really is, the magic he once perceived is gone. Other characters in the story serve mostly as catalysts, foils, and filters for the narrator’s feelings and observations. The ironicallypresented priest, dead before the start of the story, is dead for a reason: religion is portrayed not only as moribund, but as lifedraining and hypocritical. The narrator’s aunt and uncle act as his surrogate parents, and their presence in the story raises the ominous question “What happened to his parents?” Furthermore, they are representatives of the adult world, and it is fair to say that, though they work hard and perhaps mean well, they provide little for the narrator to look forward to as he grows into a man. Certainly the female shopkeeper and her two male panions, by bringing the narrator to his unwele realization, play an important, if small, part in the drama of the story. But by far the most important minor character in the story is Mangan’s sister, as she gives rise to all of the major action in the story. Although she inspires the story’s action, the reader learns almost nothing about her. Her hair is like soft rope, her dress moves when she walks, she owns a silver bracelet and she cannot go to Araby because her convent has a retreat that conflicts with it。 dreary, dark Dublin is the living, symbolic backdrop for the story.[citation needed] The gloomy atmosphere of North Richmond street that actually sets the scene at the start of the story is an anticipation of what lies ahead for the little boy in the bazaar of Araby. The first sentence of the story lets us know that North Richmond street is blind, and that the Christian Brothers’ School (O39。 the dangers of idealization。 Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver39。s Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, an earlier novel also set on a desert island.[2][3][4][5] Another source for Defoe39。r) sets sail from the Queen39。 and indeed, when a prisoner manages to escape, Crusoe helps him, naming his new panion Friday after the day of the week he appeared. Crusoe then teaches him English and converts him to Christianity. After another party of natives arrives to partake in a cannibal feast, Crusoe and Friday manage to kill most of the natives and save two of the prisoners. One is Friday39。s captain strike a deal, in which he helps the captain and the loyalist sailors retake the ship from the mutineers, whereupon they intend to leave the worst of the mutineers on the island. Before they leave for England, Crusoe shows the former mutineers how he lived on the island, and states that there will be more men ing. Crusoe leaves the island December 19th, 1686, and arrives back in England June 11th, 1687. He learns that his family believed him dead and there was nothing in his father39。s versions with mainly pictures and no text.[7] The term Robinsonade has been coined to describe the genre of stories similar to Robinson Crusoe. Defoe went on to write a lesserknown sequel, The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. It was intended to be the last part of his stories, according to the original titlepage of its first edition, but in fact a third part, entitled Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe, was written。s initial inspiration for Crusoe is usually thought to be a Scottish sailor named Alexander Selkirk, who was rescued in 1709 by Woodes Rogers39。 Cruising Voyage was published in 1712, with an account of Alexander Selkirk39。 Selkirk lived alone for the whole time, while Crusoe found panions。 basic descriptions of Selkirk, which account for only a few pages.[citation needed] Tim Severin39。king39。colony.39。savage39。 however this is speculative.[10] The Biblical story of Jonah is alluded to in the first part of novel. Like Jonah, Crusoe neglects his 39。s birthday. [edit] Moral When confronted with the cannibals, Crusoe wrestles with the problem of cultural relativism. Despite his disgust, he feels unjustified in holding the natives morally responsible for a practice so deeply ingrained in their culture. Nevertheless he retains his belief in an absolute standard of morality。s apparently superior morality, in mon with the culture of his day, he uncritically accepts the institution of slavery. [edit] Economic In classical and neoclassical economics, Crusoe is regularly used to illustrate the theory of production and choice in the absence of trade, money and prices.[11] Crusoe must allocate effort between production and leisure, and must choose between alternative production possibilities to meet his needs. Th