【正文】 it is “Beowulf”,the national epic of the English people. 《貝奧武夫》（ Beowulf），又譯貝奧武甫，完成于西元八世紀(jì)，約 750 年左右的英雄敘事長詩，長達(dá) 3000 行。故事的舞臺(tái)位于北歐的斯堪的納維亞半島。是以古英語記載的傳說中最古老的一篇，在語言學(xué)方面也是相當(dāng)珍貴的文獻(xiàn)。 貝奧武夫（ Beowulf）乃現(xiàn)存古英文文學(xué)中最偉大之作，也是歐洲最早的方言史詩。該詩中并未提及英國，但學(xué)者相信該詩約於西元七二五年左右在英國完成。全詩凡三千一百八十二行，以斯 堪地那維亞的英雄貝奧武夫的英勇事跡構(gòu)成主要內(nèi)容。雖然歷史上并未證實(shí)確有貝奧武夫其人，但詩中所提及的許多其他人物與事跡卻得到印證。 Features of “Beowulf”:The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration. Other features of “Beowulf” are the use of metaphors and of understatements. 本詩原以西撒克遜方言寫成，押頭韻而 不押尾韻，用雙字隱喻而不用明喻。全詩內(nèi)容分為兩部分： 第一部分描敘丹麥霍格國王（ King Hrothgurs）宏偉的宮殿，在前后十二年中，半人半魔的妖怪格蘭戴（ Grendel）每晚出沒捉食霍格的戰(zhàn)士。此時(shí)恰巧瑞典南部濟(jì)茲（ Geats）王子貝奧武夫率家臣來訪，協(xié)助除害。國王當(dāng)晚設(shè)宴款待，熟料妖怪格蘭戴又復(fù)出現(xiàn)，捉食一名濟(jì)茲戰(zhàn)士，貝奧武夫與之格斗，貝氏扭斷其臂，妖怪落荒而逃，因受重傷致死。第二天晚上，格蘭戴的母親前來為其子復(fù)仇，其后貝氏把她在一湖泊的洞穴中殺死。 第二部分描敘貝奧武夫返國，被擁為王，前后五十年， 舉國大治。最后貝奧武夫以垂老之年，殺一噴火巨龍，但其個(gè)人亦因而身受重創(chuàng)，終於身死。詩末敘其葬禮，并有挽歌。 The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romancechivalry. The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances. 英國封建主義時(shí)期最主要的文學(xué)是傳奇故事 (騎士文學(xué) ). 是最充分地表現(xiàn) 了封建貴族階級(jí)精神特征的文學(xué)，也是世俗的貴族階級(jí)文學(xué)的主要成就 . The Ballads:Aballed is a story told in in 4line stanzas,with the second and fourth lines are mainly the literature of the peasants,and in them one is able to understand the outlook of the English mon people in feudal ,敘事詩 (押韻 ). Geoffrey Chaucer ,the founder of English poetry. Troilus and Criseyde 特羅伊拉斯和克萊希德 . The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集 , 以一伙來自社會(huì)各個(gè)階層的香客在宗教朝圣的 路上講述故事為線索，向我們清楚地展示了那個(gè)時(shí)代人們的生活。在所有的 23 個(gè)故事中，除了兩篇之外，其余都是詩歌體裁的作品。 The Prologue 序言 :All classes of the English feudal the royalty and the poorest peasant. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types,especially the rhymed couplet of 5accents in iambic meter (the “heroic couplet”) 喬叟 (13431400),英國詩歌之父 .首創(chuàng)英雄雙韻體 . The Renaissance and Humanism: Humanism is the keynote of the Renaissance. 文藝復(fù)興 ,提倡理性 ,人文主義 . Thomas More:Utopia 托馬斯 ?摩爾 :烏托邦 (空想社會(huì)主義 ).Book one picture of contemporary English,expose the poverty of labouring two ideal min wealth. More understood that the principle “From everyone according to his capacities,to everyone according to his needs”is the only practical basis for a munist society. The son,an exact form of poetry in 14lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed,was introduced to England from (五步抑揚(yáng)格 ,押韻 ).blank verse:無韻體 (米爾頓 ). Sir Philip Sidey is wellknown as a poet and critic of poetry,”Astrophel and Stella” 圣 ?菲律浦 ?西德尼十四行詩 阿期菲爾和斯特拉 . Edmund Spenser:the “poet’s poet”.in 1579 he wrote “The Shepherd’s Calendar” 斯賓塞 ,詩人中的詩人 ,牧羊人的日歷 .The Faerie Queene 是一部卷帙豐富的長詩 ,詩中有傳統(tǒng)寓言 (ALLEGORY)以及對(duì)伊麗莎白女王的頌歌。 Francis Bacon,the founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science . 培根 ,英國唯物主義和現(xiàn)代科學(xué)奠基人 ,散文家 . Marlowe’s 馬洛 浮士德博士 It is Marlowe who first made blank verse(rhymeles iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English 時(shí)期 重要作家、作品 參考課時(shí) The AngloSaxon Period Beowulf 3 The AngloNorman Period Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 3 Geoffrey Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer 3 The Renaissance William Shakespeare, Francis Bacon 6 The 17the Century John Done, John Milton 6 The 18the Century Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, William Blake 9 The Romantic Period William Wordsworth, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Jane Austen 9 The Victorian Age Charles Dickens, Charlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte, Robert Browning 9 Twentieth Century Literature Gee Bernard Shaw, . Lawrence, James Joyce 6 Araby (short story) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (February 2020) Araby Author James Joyce Country Ireland Language English Genre(s) Short story Published in Dubliners Publication type Collection Media type Print (Hardback) Publication date 1914 Preceded by An Encounter Followed by Eveline Araby is a short story by James Joyce published in his 1914 collection Dubliners. Contents [hide] ? 1 Plot ? 2 Characters ? 3 Setting ? 4 Themes ? 5 Romantic elements ? 6 Media adaptations ? 7 Footnotes ? 8 References ? 9 External links [edit] Plot The unnamed protagonist in Araby is a boy who is just beginning to e into his sexual identity. Through his firstperson narration, we are immersed at the start of the story in the drab life that people live on North Richmond Street, which seems to be illuminated only by the verve and imagination of the children who, despite the growing darkness that es during the winter months, insist on playing until [their] bodies glowed. Even though the conditions of this neighbourhood leave much to be desired, the children’s play is infused with their almost magical way of perceiving the world, which the narrator dutifully conveys to the reader: “ Our shouts echoed in the silent street. The career of our play brought us through the dark muddy lanes behind the houses where we ran the gauntlet of the rough tribes from the cottages, to the back doors of the dark dripping gardens where odours arose from the ashpits, to the dark odorous stables where a coachman smoothed and bed the horse or shook music from the buckled harness. ” [1] But though these boys career around the neighbourhood in a very childlike way, they are also aware of and interested in the adult world, as represented by their spying on the narrator’s uncle as he es home from work and, more importantly, on Mangan’s sister, whose dress “swung as she moved” and whose “soft rope of hair tossed from side to side.” These boys are on the brink of sexual