【正文】 survey data 處理調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)89Sources of Information 信息來源_ Previous studies 先前的研討_ Topographic data 地形學(xué)上的數(shù)據(jù)_ Aerial photography 空中攝影_ Highway or street maps 高速路或街道地圖_ Construction drawings 建筑圖紙_ Stream gage data 河流計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)_ Personal observations from local residents 來自當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦膫€(gè)人觀察Previous Studies先前的研討_ Possible Sources 可能的來源_ Federal Flood Insurance Studies 聯(lián)合的洪水擔(dān)保研討_ Corps of Engineers Studies 工程師研討的成果_ State / Local / Federal Studies 國(guó)家/地方/聯(lián)合研討90Previous Studies先前的研討_ Possible Types of Information 可能的信息類型_ Survey of cross section data 橫截面數(shù)據(jù)的調(diào)查_ Data on structures such as bridges 建筑物上(如橋梁)的數(shù)據(jù)_ Survey benchmarks 調(diào)查基準(zhǔn)_ Flow rates 流動(dòng)速度_ Accounts of previous flooding 先前的洪水說明_ Other pertinent information 其他相關(guān)的信息Topographic Data 地形學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)_ Possible Sources 可能的來源_ USGS or 15 minute Quadrangle Maps _ USGS Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Data Files_ Local / State / Federal Government Agencies 地方/州/聯(lián)邦政府機(jī)構(gòu)_ Previous Studies 先前的研討91Topographic Information 地形學(xué)的信息_ Possible Types of Information 可能的信息類型_ Topography 地形學(xué)_ Survey control panels 調(diào)查控制面板_ Ground cover 地面覆蓋_ Development features 發(fā)展特色Aerial Photography 空中攝影_ Possible Types of Information 可能的信息類型_ Topography (after processing by photogrammetry) 地形學(xué)(在處理過攝影后)_ Ground cover 地面覆蓋_ Development features 發(fā)展特點(diǎn)_ Possible Sources 可能的來源_ Commercial aerial survey and mapping panies 商業(yè)性的空中調(diào)查和繪制公司_ Local / State / Federal Government Agencies 地方/州/聯(lián)邦政府機(jī)構(gòu)_ Previous studies 先前的研討92Highway and Street Mapping 高速路和街道的繪制_ Possible Types of Information 可能的信息類型_ Topography amp。 land features 地形學(xué)和陸地特點(diǎn)_ Possible Sources 可能的來源_ Commercial mapping panies 商業(yè)性的繪制單位_ Census Bureau TIGER Maps 人口普查局TIGER地圖_ Local / State / Federal Government Agencies 地方/州/ 聯(lián)邦政府機(jī)構(gòu)_ Previous projects and studies 先前的工程和研討_ Highway construction firms 高速路建設(shè)公司_ Highway engineering firms 高速路工程公司Construction Drawings 建筑圖紙_ Possible Types of Information 可能的信息類型_ Topographic data 地形學(xué)的數(shù)據(jù)_ Survey of cross section data 橫截面數(shù)據(jù)的調(diào)查_ Data on structures such as bridges 結(jié)構(gòu)(如橋梁)上的數(shù)據(jù)_ Survey benchmarks 調(diào)查基準(zhǔn)_ Sources 來源_ Local / State / Federal Government Agencies 地方/州/聯(lián)邦的政府機(jī)構(gòu)_ Railroad panies 鐵路公司_ Highway construction firms 高速路建筑公司_ Highway engineering firms 高速路工程公司93Stream Gage Data 河流計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)_ Possible Types of Information 可能的信息類型_ Flow rates 流動(dòng)速度_ Data on previous flooding 先前洪水?dāng)?shù)據(jù)_ Channel rating curves 河渠流量特性曲線_ Sources 來源_ Local / State / Federal Government Agencies 地方/州/聯(lián)邦的政府機(jī)構(gòu)Personal Observations from Local Residents 來自當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦膫€(gè)人觀察_ Possible Types of Information 可能的信息類型_ Data on previous flooding 先前洪水?dāng)?shù)據(jù)_ Sources 來源_ Local / State / Federal Government Agencies 地方/州/聯(lián)邦的政府機(jī)構(gòu)_ Newspapers 報(bào)紙_ Personal interviews 個(gè)人訪問_ Insurance agents 擔(dān)保機(jī)構(gòu)94Planning a Survey 計(jì)劃一個(gè)調(diào)查_ Measure channel stationing on a good map or aerial photo在一張好的地圖或空中攝影中測(cè)量河渠的位置_ Locate structures and confluences 給結(jié)構(gòu)和匯流定位_ Prepare preliminary stream profile 準(zhǔn)備初級(jí)的河流剖面_ Prepare preliminary floodplain map 準(zhǔn)備初級(jí)的漫灘地圖_ Locate survey benchmarks 給調(diào)查基準(zhǔn)定位_ Channel field reconnaissance 河渠區(qū)域的勘測(cè)_ Prepare preliminary cross section layout map 準(zhǔn)備初級(jí)的橫截面規(guī)劃地圖_ Meet with survey manager or survey party chief 會(huì)見調(diào)查管理人員或小組組長(zhǎng)Required Survey Information 需要的調(diào)查信息_ Control Cross Sections 控制橫截面_ Road crossings 街道的交叉口處_ Channel structures 河渠結(jié)構(gòu)_ Confluences 匯流_ Other special features 其他的特征95Required Survey Information需要的調(diào)查信息_ Valley Cross Sections 山谷橫截面_ Changes in cross sectional area 在橫截面出的改變_ Changes in slope of stream bed 河床斜坡的改變_ Restrictions in channel or floodplain 在河渠或漫灘處的限制_ Changes in roughness coefficients 粗糙系數(shù)的變化_ At maximum intervals for study (500 to 2000 feet) 研討的最大間距(500到2000英尺)Uniform Conditions Through Entire Bridge Area 整體橋梁地區(qū)的統(tǒng)一條件Bridge 橋梁Approach 方法Contraction Region 收縮地區(qū)Expansion Region 擴(kuò)張地區(qū)Ineffective Flow Area 無效的流動(dòng)區(qū)域97Other Bridge Survey Data 其他的橋梁調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)_ Top of road profile 道路頂端的剖面_ Channel station or bridge centerline 河渠的位置和橋梁的中心線_ Bridge dimensions 橋梁的尺寸_ Skew angle 傾斜角_ Pier Bents: Number of bents, piers per bent，bent spacing, and orientation橋墩的排架：排架數(shù)量，每個(gè)排架的橋墩，排架空間和方向_ Piers: Sizes, numbers, and shapes 橋墩：尺寸，數(shù)量，和外形Defining the Bridge Deck for Bridges with Solid Rails 為帶有堅(jiān)固圍欄的橋梁定義覆蓋物Natural Ground Profile 自然的地面剖面Bridge Low Chord 橋梁下弦Actual Top of Roadway 道路實(shí)際的頂端Ineffective Top of Roadway 道路無效的頂端Solid Bridge Railing 堅(jiān)固的橋梁圍欄98Defining the Bridge Deck for Bridges with Open Rails 為帶有敞開圍欄的橋定義橋的覆蓋物Natural Ground Profile 自然的地面剖面Actual Top of Roadway 路面的實(shí)際頂端Ineffective Top of Roadway 道路的無效頂端Open Bridge Railing 敞開的橋的圍欄Top of Curb 圍欄的頂端Bridge Low Chord 橋梁下弦Culvert Survey Data 排水渠調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)_ Channel stations of culvert centerline 排水渠中心線的河渠位置_ Number of culverts 排水渠數(shù)量_ Size and shape of culverts 排水渠的尺寸和形狀_ Culvert lengths 排水渠的長(zhǎng)度_ Downstream and upstream invert elevations 上下游的轉(zhuǎn)化海拔_ Types of inlets and outlets 入水口和出水口類型_ Depth of accumulated silt 積累的淤泥的深度99Weirs and Drop Structures 堰壩和陡坡結(jié)構(gòu)_ Channel station of structure 結(jié)構(gòu)的河渠位置_ Elevation of weir crest 堰壩頂端海拔_ Length of weir or weir profile for BT records 壩的長(zhǎng)度或剖面的BT記錄_ Shape of weir 壩的形狀_ Trapezoidal 梯形的_ Ogee S形的_ Rectangular 矩形的_ etc .等等Slope Paving 鋪斜坡_ Beginning and ending channel stations 河渠的起始和結(jié)束位置_ Type of paving (concrete, riprap, gabions, etc.) 鋪的類型（水泥的，？？？，格賓等）_ Vertical extent of paving 鋪設(shè)的垂直延伸_ Condition of paving 鋪設(shè)的條件100Confluences 匯流_ Channel Station of Stream Confluence 河流匯流的河渠位置_ Dimensions and Condition of Tributary Channel 支流河渠的尺寸和條件_ Major Storm Sewer Outfalls 主要的暴風(fēng)雪排水溝的排水口_ Channel station 河渠位置_ Dimensions of storm sewer pipe 暴風(fēng)雪排水管的尺寸_ Invert elevation of storm sewer pipe 轉(zhuǎn)化的排水管的海拔