【導(dǎo)讀】門、企業(yè)和活動(dòng)。涉及對(duì)上述活動(dòng)進(jìn)行研究、改進(jìn)和培訓(xùn)的學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域。力于了解、發(fā)展、批評(píng)和提高這種職業(yè)實(shí)踐和為個(gè)人提供這種職業(yè)培訓(xùn)的學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域。理，而這些分支基本上不是私人、家庭、商業(yè)和個(gè)人的。另一方面，它指對(duì)這些事務(wù)的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)研究。就其最簡(jiǎn)單的意義而言，公共管理涉及政府和其他公共活動(dòng)的管理。理的本質(zhì)，也很可能包含了當(dāng)代公共管理的大部分問題和活動(dòng)?？墒侨绱撕?jiǎn)單的觀點(diǎn)也需要加以修改才能說明至少兩個(gè)重要的問題。事務(wù)目標(biāo)和目的。其次，必須承認(rèn)有些公共管理事件的處理方式既不是純粹私人化的，也不是完全政府式的。第一個(gè)需要考慮的問題是，公共管理涉及政策的實(shí)質(zhì)和政策決定的實(shí)施。它經(jīng)常和政治與行政二分

　　

【正文】 large scale public administration lie in the policy of governments to undertake anizational action themselves to achieve their ultimate political goals. 行政國(guó)家的本質(zhì)以及我們對(duì)大規(guī)模公共管理的需要就在于政府為達(dá)到它們最終的政治目標(biāo)而采 取了這樣的政策 —— 由政府自己來實(shí)施組織行為。 It is monly believed that American founding fathers never anticipated that governments in the United States would bee engaged in a great deal of administrative action. 人們普遍認(rèn)為，美國(guó)的締造者們絕沒有預(yù)料到美 國(guó)的各級(jí)政府會(huì)參與到那么多的管理行為當(dāng)中。 However, it is also clear that the Constitution itself indicates the preference for public action in some areas. 然而，有一點(diǎn)也是顯而易見的，即：憲法本身也表明，在某些領(lǐng)域，公共行為是更好的選擇。 For instance, it authorizes the federal government to establish post offices and post roads and to raise and direct and army and navy. 例如：憲法授權(quán)給聯(lián)邦政府，讓其建立郵局，建造郵路，建立并指揮一支陸軍和海軍。 Even a brief review of the development of largescale public administration in the United States during the past two centuries indicates the extent to which such direct administrative action has bee increasingly monplace. 甚至對(duì)過去兩個(gè)世紀(jì)以來美國(guó)大型公共管理發(fā)展的簡(jiǎn)單回顧也表 明了這種直接的管理行為已經(jīng)變得越來越普遍的程度。 In a thoughtful and succinct analysis, James Q. Wilson has identified several primary roots of the development of the contemporary American administrative state. One was to provide a reliable postal service. 在一項(xiàng)富有創(chuàng)見而又簡(jiǎn)潔明了的分析中，詹姆斯 ? Q ?威爾遜確認(rèn)了當(dāng)代美國(guó)行政國(guó)家發(fā)展的 幾個(gè)主要根源，其中之一就是要提供可靠的郵政服務(wù)。 The . Post Office was not viewed as an end itself, but rather as a means of promoting economic development and national cohesion. 美國(guó)的郵政并沒有被看做目的本身，而是被看做一種促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和國(guó)家凝聚力的手段。 A second source of administrative growth has been the desire to promote economic development and social wellbeing through governmental action recognizing the needs of various sectors of the economy. 行政國(guó)家發(fā)展的第二個(gè)根源就是通過承認(rèn)不同經(jīng)濟(jì)部門需要的政府行為，來促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)福利這樣一種愿望。 For example, the Department of Agriculture was created in 1862 and the Departments of Commerce and Labor came into existence in 1913. 比如： 1862 年成立了農(nóng)業(yè)部， 1913年成立了商務(wù)部和勞工部， More recently, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now Health and Human Services) and the Department of Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy, and Education have been created to provide governmental goals in these economic and social areas of American life. 再往后又成 立了健康、教育和福利部（即現(xiàn)在的健康和人力服務(wù)部）、住房和城市發(fā)展部、交通部、能源部和教育部，目的是要在上述美國(guó)人民的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)生活領(lǐng)域內(nèi)規(guī)定政府的目標(biāo)。 Departments such as Agriculture, Labor, and Commerce are often called clientele departments because they deal largely with a relatively welldefined category of people who are generally assumed to have mon economic interest. 像農(nóng)業(yè)部、勞工部和 商務(wù)部這些政府部門經(jīng)常被稱為顧客群部門，因?yàn)樗麄冎饕呛?一類定義相對(duì)明確的人打交道，而 這些人一般來說都有著共同的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。 Another source of administrative growth has been defense. The Department of War and Navy were created in the eighteenth century, but the military establishment did not emerge as the federal government’s largest administrative operation until after World War II. 行政國(guó)家發(fā)展的另一個(gè)根源就是國(guó)防。作戰(zhàn)部和海軍部成立于 I8 世紀(jì)，但一直到第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后，軍事部門才成為聯(lián)邦政府最大的管理部門。 Since that time, the Department of Defense has employed as many as third of all civilian federal workers. Interestingly, this means that about half of all federal employees are employed in two agencies—Defense and Post Office. 從此，國(guó)防部所雇傭的工作人員占去了聯(lián)邦政府公務(wù)員的三分之一。有意思的是，這意味著大約有一半的聯(lián)邦政府雇員受雇于兩個(gè)部門 —— 國(guó)防部和郵政部。 In sum, the political roots of development of contemporary public administration in the United States lie primarily in two political choices made by the government and society. 總而言之，美國(guó)當(dāng)代公共管理發(fā)展的政治根源主要在于政府和社會(huì)做出的兩個(gè)政治選擇。 One was that government would exist to promote such objectives as the mon defense, economic development, and the general welfare. 一個(gè) 選擇是：政府的存在 就是要促進(jìn)國(guó)防、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和全民的福利這些目標(biāo)。 This was a choice first made back in the late 1780s and reinforced subsequently on many occasions. 這個(gè)選擇最早在 18 世紀(jì) 80 年代做出，后來又多次得到進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化。 Second has been the more recent choice of placing heavy reliance upon direct provision of services and functions by the government as opposed to reliance solely upon the manipulation of subsidies for private action. 另一個(gè)選擇是在更近的一些時(shí)候做出的，就是極大地依靠直接由政府提供的服務(wù)和職能，而不是僅僅依靠對(duì)私人行為提供補(bǔ)助金。 In addition to these factors, the Constitution expresses a desire to promote domestic tranquility, which brings us to what can be considered the legal roots of the contemporary administrative state. 除了這些因素以外， 憲法也表達(dá)了促進(jìn)國(guó)內(nèi)和平這一愿望，這可以被看做當(dāng)代行政國(guó)家發(fā)展的法律根源。 Unit 3 Text A In Praise of Theory 贊美理論 Nothing is quite so practical as a good theory. 任何事物都沒有一種好的理論那樣實(shí)用。 Theory in the social sciences, especially economic theory, is frequently attacked by practitioners because its function is so often misunderstood. 社會(huì)科學(xué)理論，尤其是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論，由于它的功能往往被誤解，因而頻繁遭到實(shí)踐者的批評(píng)。 Others, especially those outside of the discipline of economics, wrongly believe that there is an oversupply of peting theories and paradigms in economics. 其他人，尤其是那些不懂經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論的人，錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為， 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中矛盾的理論和范式“供過于求”。 Economists suffer the butt of jokes such as, ―if you lay all of the economists in the world end to end you will never reach a conclusion.‖ 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們淪為笑柄，例如，“如果你把世界上所有的經(jīng) 濟(jì)學(xué)家們首尾相接地放在一起，你將永遠(yuǎn)都得不出結(jié)論”。 the amount of disagreement amongst research economists, as pared to political economy mentators and scribblers, is much less than it is often supposed. 從事研究的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們之間意見分歧的量，當(dāng)與政治經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)論家和三流作家們相比時(shí)，要比人們經(jīng)常想象的少得多。 Indeed, that economists do not agree on policy prescriptions is a reflection of the plexity and uncertainty of the world in which we live and for which policy has to be designed. 事實(shí)上，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們不同意政策規(guī)定，這 反映了我們生活于其中并為之設(shè)計(jì)政策的世界具有復(fù)雜性和不確定性。 Policy rules are contingent upon a reality which unfolds with uncertainty. 政策規(guī) 則取決于現(xiàn)實(shí)，而現(xiàn)實(shí)是不確定地呈現(xiàn)的。 Other disciplines, even the hard sciences, have their controversies: what is the origin of the universe。 what is the cause of cancer? Recently, forensic evidence provided to a court of law has been found wanting. 其他學(xué)科，即便是硬科學(xué)，也有其爭(zhēng)議，如：宇宙的起源是什么；什么導(dǎo)致了癌癥？