【正文】 med that its essence and activities could be identified by referring to nonmarket approaches to social purposes, but this perspective has been mitigated by the recognition that public programs and benefits could be developed through and provided with some market characteristics. 在公共管理史的不同時(shí)期，人們認(rèn)為公共管理的實(shí)質(zhì)與行為可以通過(guò) 參照服務(wù)于社會(huì)目的的非市場(chǎng)方法加以確認(rèn)，但是現(xiàn)在這種觀點(diǎn)被公共項(xiàng)目和利益可以通過(guò)市場(chǎng)方 式來(lái)得到發(fā)展并被賦予某些市場(chǎng)特點(diǎn)的認(rèn)識(shí)所弱化。 The second consideration—that not all public administration occurs in and through governmental anizations—also has led to a broadening of the meaning of public administration. 第二個(gè)需要考慮的問(wèn)題是，并非所有的公共管理都是在政府組織中或通過(guò)政府組織發(fā)生的。 Some have felt a need for a rubric which emphasizes such a policy focus and which might also enpass or indicate receptivity to areas of studies which are closely related (., planning, urban affairs, economic analysis, public policy analysis), and terms such as public affairs are sometimes used for this purpose. 有些人認(rèn)為需要一個(gè)說(shuō)明，這個(gè)說(shuō)明強(qiáng)調(diào)政治重點(diǎn)，也可能包含或顯示對(duì)密切相關(guān)的研究領(lǐng)域（例如計(jì)劃、城市事務(wù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)分析、公共政策分析）和術(shù)語(yǔ)的接受能力，像公共事務(wù)這樣的術(shù)語(yǔ)有時(shí)就被用于此目的。 and parliamentary, legislative, and judicial institutions). 這些術(shù)語(yǔ)反映了一種雖未普遍認(rèn)同但廣為傳播的觀點(diǎn)或主張，這種觀點(diǎn)或主張認(rèn)為把 公共管理僅看做技術(shù)上的客觀解決方案或政治系統(tǒng)非管理部門（例如，黨派領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，選舉程序，政黨 作用，黨派交涉，以及議會(huì)、立法和司法機(jī)構(gòu)）決策的中立執(zhí)行，即使過(guò)去站得住腳，現(xiàn)在也是不可能的。 party processes。 These terms reflect the widespread, though not universal, belief or allegation that it is no longer, if ever it was, defensible to interpret public administration as solely involved in technically objective solutions or in the neutral implementation of decisions made by nonadministrative parts of the political system (., partisan leadership。 The first consideration—that public administration is involved in the substance of policy as well as the implementation of policy decisions—is frequently alluded to with terms such as the demise of the politicsadministration dichotomy, the impossibility of valuefree public administration, and the need for proactivity by public administrators. 第一個(gè)需要考慮的問(wèn)題是，公共管理涉及政策的實(shí)質(zhì)和政策決定的實(shí)施。 First, it must be recognized that professional management of the public’s affairs involves not only management in the narrowest sense (keeping the books, handling personnel decisions, implementing decisions which have been made elsewhere in the politicosocioeconomic systems, etc.), but also significantly involves the planning, formulating, modifying, and urging of goals and purposes of much of public affairs. 首先，必須承認(rèn)公共事務(wù) 的職業(yè)化管理不僅涉及最狹義的管理 (文檔的保存、人事決定的做出以及政治經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)系統(tǒng)做出的各種決策的實(shí)施），在很大程度上，它也涉及計(jì)劃、制定、修改以及促成多數(shù)公共事務(wù)目標(biāo)和目的。這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的定義表達(dá)了公共管理的本質(zhì)，也很可能包含了當(dāng)代公共管理的大部分問(wèn)題和活動(dòng)。另一方面，它指對(duì)這些事務(wù)的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)研究。 Public administration refers to two distinguishable but closely related activities: (1) a professional practice (vocation, occupation, field of activity), and (2) an academic field as well as to train individuals for that practice. 公共管理涉及兩種明顯不同但又緊密聯(lián)系的活動(dòng)： (1)職業(yè)領(lǐng)域 (職業(yè)、工 作 、活動(dòng)領(lǐng)域 )，以及 (2)致力于了解、發(fā)展、批評(píng)和提高這種職業(yè)實(shí)踐和為個(gè)人提供這種職業(yè)培訓(xùn)的學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域。新編 MPA 英語(yǔ) 閱讀教程 Unit 1 Defining Public Administration Text A Public Administration 1. The occupational sector, enterprises, and activities having to do with the formulation and implementation of policy of governmental and other public programs and the management of anizations and activities involved. 2. The academic field concerned with the study of, improvement of, and training for the activities mentioned in 1. 公共管理是 (1)與政府和其他公共部門的政策制定和實(shí)施以及與相關(guān)組織和活動(dòng)的管理有關(guān)的職業(yè)部門、企業(yè)和活動(dòng)。 (2)涉及對(duì)上述活動(dòng)進(jìn)行研究、改進(jìn)和培訓(xùn)的學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域。 The simple meaning of the term is quite direct: it refers on the one hand to the administration or management of matters which have principally to do with the society, polity, and its subparts which are not essentially private, familial, mercial, or individualistic, and on the other hand to the disciplined study of such matters. 這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單含義是非常直接的：一方面，它指主要與社會(huì)、政治組織以及其分支有關(guān)的事務(wù)管理，而這些分支基本上不是私人、家庭、商業(yè)和個(gè)人的。 In this simplest meaning, public administration has to do with managing the realm of governmental and other public activities. This simple definition conveys the essence of public administration and probably covers the vast majority of activities and concerns of contemporary public administration. 就其最簡(jiǎn)單的意義而言，公共管理涉及政府和其他公共活動(dòng)的管理。 Such a simple view, though, needs modification to account for at least two important considerations: 可是如此簡(jiǎn)單的觀點(diǎn)也需要加以修改才能說(shuō)明至少兩個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題。 Second, it must be recognized that some matters of public administration are handled in ways which are not purely private but also are not precisely government. 其次，必須承認(rèn)有些公共管理事件的處理方式既不是純粹私人化的，也不是完全政府式的。它經(jīng)常和政治與行政 二分法的死亡、無(wú)價(jià)值公共管理的不可能性以及對(duì)公共管理者的能動(dòng)性要求這樣的術(shù)語(yǔ)一起出現(xiàn)， 被人們談?wù)摗?electoral processes。 partisan bargaining。 This belief and related understandings have led to significant public administration attention to policy and policy process. 這種觀點(diǎn)和相關(guān)的理解在很大程度上把公共管理注意力引向了政策和政策程序。 In general, though, public administration still functions as the umbrella term throughout the world, though it must be realized that the term implies a broader range of concerns and activities than the narrow meaning of management or administration may convey. 總體來(lái)說(shuō)，在世界范圍內(nèi)公共管理仍然作為一個(gè)總括的術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)使用，但是必須認(rèn)識(shí)到的是， 這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)所包含的問(wèn)題與行為比管理 或行政的簡(jiǎn)單意思所傳達(dá)的要更加寬泛。這就擴(kuò)展了公共管理的含義。 Thus there have been developments such as governmental or quasigovernmental activities which pete with private sector activities or provide benefits through use of a price mechanism。 sometimes water, utilities, sewers, health care, education, and other benefits are provided in this way. 有時(shí)，水、電力、下水管道、醫(yī)療保健、教育以及其他利 益就是以這種方式提供的。 Indeed, even for large parts of the world where the privatepublic distinction has not been as prevalent or obvious as other places (for example, where the economy is essentially directed or nonmarket), the movement toward market or marketlike mechanisms for the provision of public goods is increasingly a matter of rhetoric, planning, or action. 實(shí)際上，即使在世界上 大部分公私區(qū)分現(xiàn)象不普遍或者還不十分明顯的地區(qū)（例如，那些基本上是計(jì)劃或非市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的地 區(qū)），走向市場(chǎng)或提供公共產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)機(jī)制越來(lái)越成為一個(gè)需要討論、計(jì)劃