【正文】 或付諸行動的問題。 Development of the Field 公共管理領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展 It is usual to date the contemporary social scientific awareness of bureaucracy (a term which can include both private, or ―business‖ administration and public administration) with the work of the German social scientist Max Weber (18641920). 人們通常把當(dāng)代對官僚機(jī)構(gòu)（這個術(shù)語包括私人或“商業(yè)”管理和公共管理）的社會科學(xué)認(rèn)識 追溯到德國社會科學(xué)家馬克斯?韋伯（ 1864— 1920)的研究。 In the United States, it is usual to credit the reformism of the Populist and Progressive era of politics (about 18801920) and especially Woodrow Wilson’s academic article ―The Study of Administration‖ (in the Political Science Quarterly in 1887) for the systematic and selfconscious development of the field of public administration. 在美國，人們通常把公共管理領(lǐng)域系統(tǒng)的自覺發(fā)展歸功于民粹主義者的改革主義和政治上的進(jìn)步時期（ 1880— 1920 ),特別是伍得羅?威 爾遜的學(xué)術(shù)論文《管理研究》（見 1887 年《政治科學(xué)季刊》 )。 and with the subsequent human relations movement, which emphasized the human and social aspects of work environments and motivations somewhat in contradistinction to the scientific management movement. 人們也通常把美國早期的公共管理等同于科學(xué)管理，它是 以弗雷德里克 ?溫斯洛?泰勒為主創(chuàng)立的一個學(xué)派，強(qiáng)調(diào)管理的任務(wù)分析和效率方法；也等同于隨后的人際關(guān)系運動，這場運動強(qiáng)調(diào)工作環(huán)境和工作動機(jī)的人的和社會方面，于此與科學(xué)管理運動有些不同。 The period of . history between the Great Depression and the World War II (about 19291945) is monly held to represent . public administration in a selfconfident —though some also say naive—phase。 The dynamics of the Cold War petition between the United States and Western allies and the USSR and its allies, and the manifestation of this petition in various forms of technical assistance, aid in economic development, and administrative assistance had an impact upon public administration. 美國及其盟友與蘇聯(lián)及其盟友在冷戰(zhàn)期間不斷的競爭，以及此競爭 以技術(shù)援助、經(jīng)濟(jì)援助和管理援助等多種形式的表現(xiàn)，都對公共管理產(chǎn)生過影響。在美國，這 20 年以及這段時期的問題都是在民權(quán)運動 (以及類似的運動，如女權(quán)運動）、反越戰(zhàn)運動、新左派、反制度主義，特別是青年反叛的背景之下被加以解釋的。 All of these matters had effects upon politics, the social sciences, and public administration. 所有這些都對政治、社會科學(xué)和公共管理產(chǎn)生了影響。 One manifestation of this was a dialogue about the need for fundamental rethinking in public administration (and for some, the need for a ―new public administration‖). 關(guān)于這一點的一個表現(xiàn)形式就是引發(fā)了人們對公共管理是否有必要從根本上給予重新思考的討論（某些人認(rèn)為需要一個“新公共管理” )。 At the present time, public administration worldwide is in creative tension and undergoing rapid change and attempts at reconceptualization. 目前，世界范圍內(nèi)的公共管理正處于一種創(chuàng) 造性張力之中，經(jīng)歷著快速變化和重新概念化的嘗試。 Configuration of the Field 公共管理領(lǐng)域的構(gòu)造 Public administration is sometimes treated as though it is one of the social sciences, a discipline in some sense. 公共管理有時被看做一門社會科學(xué)，某種意義上的一門學(xué)科。 In the United States, it is relatively unusual for public administration to be a freestanding degree program at the baccalaureate level (though there are some wellestablished and prestigious programs of this sort—especially in schools of public affairs, schools of management, or schools of public administration —and this approach may be on the increase). 在美國，在學(xué)士階段把公共管理設(shè)立為一個獨立的學(xué)位課程，相對而言并不常見（雖然有 一些 成熟的、聲譽良好的這類課裎，而且這種做法越來越被認(rèn)同，特別是在公共事務(wù)學(xué)院、管理學(xué)院或 者公共管理學(xué)院 )。 Masterlevel degrees are increasingly emphasized as desirable or expected credentials for full mitment to professional careers in many fields (., not only in business administration and public administration, but also in fields such as social work, nursing, and education where the appropriate degree for professional entry was once the baccalaureate), and the master’s degree—usually, but not always, the master of public administration (MPA)—is being the recognized degree for those who aspire to careers in public administration. 在許多領(lǐng)域，碩士學(xué)位越來越被認(rèn)為是投身職業(yè)生涯的理想資格（不僅在商業(yè)管理和公共管理領(lǐng)域，而且在其他一些領(lǐng)域，例如教育、社會工作、護(hù)理以及其他一些職業(yè)門檻過去僅為學(xué)士的領(lǐng)域），在通常情況下，對那些渴望從事公共管理的人來說，碩士學(xué)位成為一種認(rèn)可的學(xué)位。 As modern and contemporary public administration evolved, it tended to develop a more or less regular set of subfields, approaches, and topical interests. 隨著現(xiàn)代和當(dāng)代公共管理的發(fā)展，公共管理趨向于發(fā)展一些比較正規(guī)的子域、方法和主題。 Thus, public administration has some subfields which deal with concerns which, in one form or another have been part of the field since is earliest days. 因此，公共管理有一些子域，這些子域所關(guān)注的問題自公共管理早期就以各種形式成為該領(lǐng)域的一部分。 In additional, there are various concerns dealing with the environment and context of administration: the constitutional and legal context。 the values, history, traditions, and habits of the society and its ponents。 and many other such factors (as well as their interrelationships). 除此之外，蓽有各種 涉及管理環(huán)境的關(guān)注：憲法和法律環(huán)境、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會結(jié)構(gòu)、要求和程序環(huán)境；社會及其組成部分的價值、歷史、傳統(tǒng)和習(xí)慣；任何特定時期組織、項目和特定相關(guān)成分的價值、歷史、要求和程卑 。 There are also specializations and foci having to do with the specific form and level at which administration occurs: international administration。 federal/confederal administration。 district/department /sector administration。 intergovernmental and interanizational administration。 and so forth. Issue areas present other topics and specializations: police, fire, schools, military, medical, environmental, technology and technology transfer, science and scientific applications, governmentbusinessindustry cooperation, and a host of other specific concerns spawn specializations of knowledge, application, training, an experience. 此外，還出現(xiàn)了一些涉及具體形式和管理水平的專業(yè)領(lǐng)域和焦點領(lǐng)域：國際管理、國家管理 . 聯(lián)邦或邦聯(lián)管理、州或省的管理、地區(qū)或部門的管理、城市縣郡和地區(qū)管理、政府間管理、組織間管理、非營利管理等等。 When one realizes that all these (and many more) can be viewed as ponents of a huge matrix where any one (or more) can be related to any other one (one more), the plexity and variety of the field of public administration is suggested. 在人們認(rèn)識到所有這些（和更多）東西可以被看做一個巨大矩陣的組成部分而且在這個矩陣中任何一個（或更多的）組成部分可以與其他（或更多的）組成部分發(fā)生聯(lián)系的時候，那么公共管理 領(lǐng)域的復(fù)雜性和多樣性便由此可見一斑了。 The growth of this number in the twentieth century and the development of large administrative ponents in governments at all levels are generally referred to as the ―rise of the administrative state‖. 通常，我們把 20 世紀(jì)公共管理人員數(shù)量的增長和 各級政府中大型管理部門的發(fā)展稱為“行政國家的崛起”。 that public administrators are crucial to the operation of contemporary