【正文】 vorce of Arnold39。s personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe” (Roger, 1988, p. 9).這里，圓括號中的Roger為引文作者的姓（不必注出全名）；阿拉伯數(shù)字為引文出處的出版年，；作者姓和年份之間需用逗號及空格分開，后者與頁碼間也用逗號空格分開，；句號置于圓括號后。但是，如果句中已提及作者名，出處中則無需注明作者。試比較下列兩句：Similarly, in his 1933 essay Femininity, he speaks of the mother and the figures of wetnurses and fostermothers that merge into her (Freud, 1963, p. 118)． Similarly, in his 1933 essay Femininity, Freud speaks of the mother and the figures of wetnurses and fostermothers that merge into her (1963, p. ll8)．（二）被引述的文字如果超過三行，通常要另起一行，每行左邊縮進十格。引文通常用冒號引導(dǎo)，但不需加引號。引文出處仍用圓括號標出，放在末行句號后Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his Democratic Vistas is:an admirable and characteristic diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it Whitman is unable to conceive the extreme crises of society, one is certain that no society would be tolerable whose citizens could not find refreshment in its buoyant democratic idealism. (Chase, 1996, p. 165)如果引文超過一個段落，有兩種處理方式：1．如果引文首句始于原文某段落的首句，引文每個段落的首行均需縮進十五格，其余各行縮進十格。In Moll Flanders Defoe maintains the pseudoautobiographical narration typical of the picaresque tradition:My true name is so well known in the records, or registers, at Newgate and in the Old Bailey, and there are some things of such consequence still depending there relating to my particular conduct, that it is not to be expected I should set my name or the account of my family to this work [. . .]. It is enough to tell you, that [. . .] some of my worst rades, who are out of the way of doing me harm [...] know me by the name of Moll Flanders [. . .]. (1998, p. 12), 引文首行只需縮進十格即可。 The second was the creation of a full descriptive framework for normal development. As Anna Freud noted:Reconstruction from adult analysis inevitable is weighted toward pathology to the neglect of normal developmental happenings。 [for] it is always the conflictual and unsolved which does not e to rest in an individual39。s mind, which weles the opportunity to reestablish itself in the transference situation and thus captures and monopolizes and analyst39。s attention [. . . ].Thus, while the analysts of adults bee expert in tracing psychopathology back to its earliest roots, only the child analysts appear to hold the key to the description of the course taken by normal adult development. (1998, p. 85)二、詩歌評析詩歌常需要引用原詩句，其引用格式有兩種。（一）三行以內(nèi)的詩句，不用另起一行，引文用引號標出，詩句之間用斜線分開，斜 線與前后字母及標點之間均需空一格，引文出處，即詩行的行數(shù)用圓括號表示，置于引號和句號之間When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface, “The surging waves, great tracts of water,／were all cleansed [. . . ]” (1773, l. 162021)．這里，圓括號內(nèi)的l是line的縮寫；21不必寫成1621。（二）引述的詩句若超過四行，則應(yīng)單列，即另起一行，不需加引號；到文用冒號引 導(dǎo)，每行開頭縮進十格Elizabeth Bishop39。s “In the Waiting Room” is rich in evocation detail: It was winter. It got dark early. The waiting room was full of grownup people, arctics and overcoats， lamps and magazines. (1890, ll. 610)對于上述單列的詩歌引文，若其中某一詩句較長，打印時超過一行，則有兩種處理方式：一是分行處理，但下一行需縮進三格，即從第四格打起；二是不做分行處理，而是根據(jù)具體情況，適當減少詩行左邊縮進的格數(shù)，即可以少于十格。有些詩人的詩文格式比較獨特，引用時應(yīng)正確再顯原作風貌，如：. Cummings concludes the poem with this vivid description of a carefree scene, reinforced by the carefree form of the lines themselves: it39。s spring and the goatfooted balloon Man whistles far and wee (1980, )如果引文始于某詩句的中間，引文首行應(yīng)該保留原作中寫法，如下例所示：In a poem on Thomas Hardy(‘‘.’’), Molly Holden recalls her encounter with a“young dog fox on morning: I remember he glanced at me in just that way, independent and unabashed, the handsome sidelong look that went round and about but never directly met my eyes, for that would betray his soul. He was not being sly, only careful. (1976, ll. 4348)三、戲劇戲劇主要是通過人物對白展開故事情節(jié)，刻畫人物性格。引用劇中的對白時，需另起一行，用冒號引導(dǎo)，引文不需用引號標出。書寫時，人物姓名全部大寫，后跟句點，左邊縮進十格，如果對白超過一行，其余的句行應(yīng)再縮進五格。另一個人物的對白，需要另起一行，戲劇引文的其他格式與散文和詩歌中的格式相同。如：Marguerite Duras39。s screenplay for Hiroshima moon amour suggests at the outset the profound difference between observation and experience: HE. You saw nothing in Hiroshima. Nothing. SHE. I saw everything. Everything. […]The hospital, for instance, I saw it. I39。m sure I did. There is a hospital in Hiroshima. How could I help seeing it? HE. You did not see the hospital in Hiroshima. You saw nothing in Hiroshima. (1986, ll. 250506) 對引語文字的省略與補充說明一、引文省略在引用較長的段落時，為了保證引文的有效性，有時需要省略無關(guān)緊要的詞、短語或句子。但是不管省略什么，都應(yīng)該遵循以下兩條原則：1．尊重原作作者，即不可擅自改變作者本意，也不可望文生義。2．符合語法，即引文和論文中的句子應(yīng)該正確地結(jié)合在一起，不可使讀者對引文結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生誤解。如果只引用了某個詞或短語，原句中的其他部分自然被省略了。如：Falstaff es to the battlefield without illusions. In contrast with Hotspur, “the flower of the chivalry of England”, who is ready ‘‘to plunk bright honor,” . the honor of the decaying aristocracy, ‘‘from the palefac39。d moon, Falstaff, the povertystricken knight and adventurer, is altogether practical.但是，如果引文是一個或幾個句子，其中的省略部分必須用省略號表示(…)，說明引用的并非是完整的原句，省略號由三個句點組成，各句點之間都應(yīng)空—格。為了區(qū)別新加的省略號和原句中可能出現(xiàn)的省略號，通常在新加的省略號的兩邊加上方括號39。省略號和方括號之間不留空格。不管省略什么，合成的句子應(yīng)該是完整和正確的。如：To this warning Milton answered：“My resolution was unshaken, though the alternative was either the loss of my sight or the desertion of my duty[...]. I resolved therefore to make the short interval of sight which was left me to enjoy, as beneficial as possible to the public good.”(1977, p. 56) 如果引文的結(jié)尾部分省略，方括號前空一格，后面則無需加句號，直接加上引號 即可。引文的出處放在圓括號內(nèi)，置于引號和句號之間。如：In surveying various responses to plagues in the Middle Ages, Barbara W. Tuchman writes, “Medical thinking, trapped in the theory of astral influences, stressed air as the municator of disease […]” (1978, pp. 10102).如果詩歌的中間一行或幾行被省略，省略部分用一行省略號表示，兩端加上方括號，其長度約為一個詩句的長度：Elizabeth Bishop39。s “In the Waiting Room” is rich in evocative detail: In Worcester, Massachusetts, I went with Aunt Consuelo to keep her dentist39。s appointment [……………………………] It was winter.