【正文】 他請我?guī)退麥亓?xí)一下他可能遇到的一些文化差異。I also gave him the phone number of a friend of mine who lived in the area．我也把在當(dāng)?shù)鼐幼〉囊粋€(gè)朋友的電話號碼給了他。When he got back，we met to review his experience．他回來后，我們又聚到一起回顧了他的經(jīng)歷。Dr．Dong told me that the course information had helped him．董醫(yī)生告訴我，跨文化交際課上學(xué)的東西派上了用場。He experienced the typical stages of culture shock．他經(jīng)歷了文化沖擊的典型階段。He arrived expectant and happy and enjoyed his first days very much．他滿懷期待高高興興地到了美國，非常愉快地度過了最初幾天。At the medical conference， he felt quite confident of his area of research and was able to perform well in his presentation．在醫(yī)學(xué)會議上，他對自己的研究領(lǐng)域頗為自信，而且他所做的發(fā)言也相當(dāng)成功。 But after a few days, he began to feel unfortable．但幾天后，他開始感到有些不適應(yīng)了。 His medical English was fine， but the social interaction skills were different， and he was unsure of the cues and the munication styles．他的醫(yī)學(xué)英語不錯(cuò)，可是社會交往技能卻是另一碼事，他拿不準(zhǔn)那些暗示及交際風(fēng)格。He worried more and more that he was misunderstanding simple English greetings and table talk conventions．他焦躁不安，連簡單的英文問候語以及餐桌交談習(xí)俗也弄不懂了。When people greeted him with，“Hi，how’s it going ?” he thought they had asked him “where are you going ?” and answered with the name of the conference hall，only to get a confused stare from them． 有人用“嗨，一切都好嗎?”和他打招呼， 他以為是問他“你要去哪兒?”，答之以會議廳的名字，結(jié)果招來了疑惑的目光。At a western style dinner， a colleague asked，“So how’re you enjoy in ’ the States?” he thought he heard，“So how are you enjoying your steak?” and answered that he was having chicken，not beef． 在一次西式的晚宴上，一位同事問他：“你在美國過得好嗎?” 他聽成了“你覺得牛排味道如何?”，回答他在吃雞肉，不是牛肉。That time，his colleague smiled， and patiently repeated the question．那次，那位同事笑了，并耐心重復(fù)了他的問題，At last，they both laughed at the error．之后倆人對這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤大笑一通。Such failures in understandings and munications were minor．這類誤解和交流不暢還是次要的。But for Dr．Dong， they were the beginning of a sense of“ cultural confusion”． 但對董醫(yī)生來說， 它們是“文化困惑”感的開始。By the end of the meetings， he felt a deep sense of“ cultural stress ”and was worn out from having to pay attention to so many new expressions and ways of dealing [ ；待遇 ]with things．在會議快要結(jié)束時(shí)，他深深地感到了“文化壓力”，為待人接物時(shí)那么多的新表達(dá)方法和方式而感到精疲力竭。He felt his handshake was not as firm as Americans’， found that people reacted[反應(yīng)（常與to連用）]unusually when he modestly insisted his English was not good after they plimented him， didn’t know how to accept dinner invitations properly and therefor missed out on going to several lunches，and so on．他感到自己握手不如美國人那么有力；人們稱贊他時(shí)，他謙虛地堅(jiān)持說自己的英語不好，他發(fā)現(xiàn)別人的反應(yīng)異乎尋常；由于搞不清如何適當(dāng)?shù)亟邮苎鐣埗e(cuò)過了幾次午餐，如此等等，不一而足。Eventually，he was so bewildered [；弄糊涂] that he felt the full impact(沖擊) of“ culture shock”． 最終他被搞得不知所措，徹底感受了“文化沖擊”。What is culture shock and why does it occur ? The term was coined about 50 years ago by a Swedish scholar. 什么是文化沖擊，為什么會存在文化沖擊?這一術(shù)語是大約50年前一位瑞典學(xué)者最先創(chuàng)造使用的。 His seminal article ,“Culture Shock。 Adjustment to New Cultural Environments ”has been reprinted and revised for many textbooks and magazines．其拓荒之作《文化沖擊：適應(yīng)新的文化環(huán)境》為許多教科書及雜志所再版和修訂。He called it “the occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad”．他將“文化沖擊”定義為“突然移居海外的人所患的職業(yè)病”。His use of the word“disease ”is a pun， because it implies that it is like an“ illness” with its own “symptoms and cure”． but also that the root cause is also a feeling of “dis”ease or unsettled uneasiness． 他用的“disease”這個(gè)詞是個(gè)雙關(guān)語， 因?yàn)樗凳具@如同一種“病，有其自身的癥狀和療法”，而且其根源也是一種(dis)不(ease)適或心神不寧的感覺。Think back on your own experience．回想一下你自己的經(jīng)歷。Have you ever moved from one context to another ? 你曾從一個(gè)環(huán)境遷到另一個(gè)嗎? Many students feel this adjustment shock when they change from one school to another，or move from a small town to a big city．很多學(xué)生，從一所學(xué)校轉(zhuǎn)到另一所，或從一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)到一座大城市時(shí)，都會感到這種順應(yīng)沖擊。The sensations one feels in new surroundings often include：在新的環(huán)境下人們的感受經(jīng)常包括：Feeling like an outsider，feeling unsure of oneself or even feeling stupid；感到像個(gè)局外人，對自己沒有信心，甚至感到愚蠢；Sensing that one’s language skills aren’t good enough，missing jokes，colloquial phrases， references to TV shows or pop songs or other cultural“insider”information；感到自己的語言能力不足，領(lǐng)會不了笑話、口語化用語的含義，也搞不懂電視節(jié)目及流行歌曲或其他文化“內(nèi)涵”的信息；Feeling uneasy and unsettled，irritable and increasingly shorttempered；感到不適和不安，易激怒并且脾氣越來越暴躁；Feeling lonely and wanting to go“home”，feeling more and more like a stranger or outcast；感到孤獨(dú)并且想要回”家”，感覺愈來愈像個(gè)陌生人和被拋棄的人；Feeling overwhelmed，overloaded，daydreaming，staring blankly at things or even staring at nothing；感到不能自持．負(fù)擔(dān)過重，想人非非，失神發(fā)呆； Being more and more afraid of municating and of making mistakes，worried anxious．越來越害怕交流和犯錯(cuò)誤，擔(dān)心、焦慮。These are all symptoms of initial culture shock．這些都是文化沖擊的最初癥狀。With a new context e new ways of doing things．新的環(huán)境伴隨著新的行事方法。Being uninitiated and unsure of what to do ,people usually have a strong sense of displacement in the beginning．最初若沒有積極性并且不知道該做什么，這種移位感通常都很強(qiáng)烈。But the good news is that we humans are very good at adapting．但是好在我們?nèi)祟惡苌朴谡{(diào)整適應(yīng)。Though almost all of us undergo some degree of mental stress in this period． after a few weeks or months， we learn how to“read” our new context．盡管在轉(zhuǎn)變過程中都經(jīng)歷了某種程度的心理壓力，數(shù)周至數(shù)月后，我們就學(xué)會如何“解讀”新環(huán)境， We bee aware of the new cues，the new expectations，and the new ways of municating. 逐漸懂得了新的暗示、新的期望、新的交際方法。With some trials (n. 考驗(yàn)，磨難，困難，患難) and errors(錯(cuò)誤)，and with a 1ot of patience( n. 忍耐)with ourselves , most of us succeed in overing culture shock and learn to enjoy our new context．幾經(jīng)磨練，加上自己的耐心，大多數(shù)人成功地克服了文化沖擊，學(xué)會享受新環(huán)境。’s visit to the US was only three weeks long，but by the end of the fiveday medical conference，董醫(yī)生的美國之行僅僅3周的時(shí)間，但未等5天的醫(yī)學(xué)會議結(jié)束，he was already starting to feel more confident. 他已經(jīng)開始感到比較自信了。 Sure he felt a little foolish about some of the mistakes he had made，當(dāng)然他感到自己所犯的一些錯(cuò)誤有點(diǎn)兒愚蠢，but he quickly learned to laugh at his errors and found that his colleagues smiled with him．但他很快就學(xué)會調(diào)侃自己的過錯(cuò)，并發(fā)現(xiàn)他的同事也在向他微笑。This broke down the barriers to munication and helped him build some good professional (專業(yè)的)relationships．這些消除了交流的障礙，幫助他建立了一些良好的業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系A(chǔ)nd after the conference, he contacted 聯(lián)系the family I had referred him to and had a very nice