【正文】 ustrialization and specialization of production. Production efficiency is not high, poor economic returns. Mold production industry is small and scattered, crossindustry, capitalintensive, professional, mercial and technical management level are relatively low.According to inplete statistics, there are now specialized in manufacturing mold, the product supporting mold factory workshop (factory) near 17 000, about 600 000 employees, annual output value reached 20 billion yuan mold. However, the existing capacity of the mold and die industry can only meet the demand of 60%, still can not meet the needs of national economic development. At present, the domestic needs of large, sophisticated, plex and long life of the mold also rely mainly on imports. According to customs statistics, in 1997 630 million . dollars worth of imports mold, not including the import of mold together with the equipment。 in 1997 only 78 million . dollars export mold. At present the technological level of China Die amp。 Mould Industry and manufacturing capacity, China39。s national economy in the weak links and bottlenecks constraining sustainable economic 、模具工業(yè)技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)Technical level of China39。s mold industry currently uneven , with wide disparities. Generally speaking, with the developed industrial countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan advanced level, there is a large gap. The use of CAD / CAM / CAE / CAPP and other technical design and manufacture molds, both wide application, or technical level, there is a big gap between both. In the application of CAD technology design molds, only about 10% of the mold used in the design of CAD, aside from drawing board still has a long way to go。 in the application of CAE design and analysis of mold calculation, it was just started, most of the game is still in trial stages and animation。 in the application of CAM technology manufacturing molds, first, the lack of advanced manufacturing equipment, and second, the existing process equipment (including the last 10 years the introduction of advanced equipment) or puter standard (IBM PC and patibles, HP workstations, etc.) different, or because of differences in bytes, processing speed differences, differences in resistance to electromagnetic interference, networking is low, only about 5% of the mold manufacturing equipment of recent work in this task。 in the application process planning CAPP technology, basically a blank state, based on the need for a lot of standardization work。 in the mold mon technology, such as mold rapid prototyping technology, polishing, electroforming technologies, surface treatment technology aspects of CAD / CAM technology in China has just started. Computeraided technology, software development, is still at low level, the accumulation of knowledge and experience required. Most of our mold factory, mold processing equipment shop old, long in the length of civilian service, accuracy, low efficiency, still use the ordinary forging, turning, milling, planning , drilling, grinding and processing equipment, mold, heat treatment is still in use salt bath, boxtype furnace, operating with the experience of workers, poorly equipped, high energy consumption. Renewal of equipment is slow, technological innovation, technological progress is not much intensity. Although in recent years introduced many advanced mold processing equipment, but are too scattered, or not plete, only about 25% utilization, equipment, some of the advanced functions are not given full play.缺乏技術(shù)素質(zhì)較高的模具設(shè)計、制造工藝技術(shù)人員和技術(shù)工人，尤其缺乏知識面寬、知識結(jié)構(gòu)層次高的復(fù)合型人才。 Lack of technology of highquality mold design, manufacturing technology and skilled workers, especially the lack of knowledge and breadth, knowledge structure, high levels of pound talents. China39。s mold industry and technical personnel, only 8% of employees 12%, and the technical personnel and skilled workers and lower the overall skill level. Before 1980, practitioners of technical personnel and skilled workers, the aging of knowledge, knowledge structure can not meet the current needs。 and staff employed after 80 years, expertise, experience lack of handson ability, not ease, do not want to learn technology. In recent years, the brain drain caused by personnel not only decrease the quantity and quality levels, and personnel structure of the emergence of new faults, lean, make mold design, manufacturing difficult to raise the technical level.中文翻譯模具的發(fā)展1模具在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的地位模具是大批量生產(chǎn)同形產(chǎn)品的工具，是工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的主要工藝裝備。采用模具生產(chǎn)零部件，具有生產(chǎn)效率高、質(zhì)量好、成本低、節(jié)約能源和原材料等一系列優(yōu)點，用模具生產(chǎn)制件所具備的高精度、高復(fù)雜程度、高一致性、高生產(chǎn)率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比擬的。已成為當(dāng)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要手段和工藝發(fā)展方向?，F(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟的基礎(chǔ)工業(yè)。現(xiàn)代工業(yè)品的發(fā)展和技術(shù)水平的提高，很大程度上取決于模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展水平，因此模具工業(yè)對國民經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展將起越來越大的作用。1989年3月國務(wù)院頒布的《關(guān)于當(dāng)前產(chǎn)業(yè)政策要點的決定》中，把模具列為機械工業(yè)技術(shù)改造序列的第一位、生產(chǎn)和基本建設(shè)序列的第二位(僅次于大型發(fā)電設(shè)備及相應(yīng)的輸變電設(shè)備)，確立模具工業(yè)在國民經(jīng)濟中的重要地位。1997年以來，又相繼把模具及其加工技術(shù)和設(shè)備列入了《當(dāng)前國家重點鼓勵發(fā)展的產(chǎn)業(yè)、產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)目錄》和《鼓勵外商投資產(chǎn)業(yè)目錄》。經(jīng)國務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)，從1997年到2000年，對80多家國有專業(yè)模具廠實行增值稅返還70%的優(yōu)惠政策，以扶植模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展。所有這些，都充分體現(xiàn)了國務(wù)院和國家有關(guān)部門對發(fā)展模具工業(yè)的重視和支持。目前全世界模具年產(chǎn)值約為600億美元，日、美等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家的模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值已超過機床工業(yè)，從1997年開始，我國模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值也超過了機床工業(yè)產(chǎn)值。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，在家電、玩具等輕工行業(yè)，近90％的零件是綜筷具生產(chǎn)的；在飛機、汽車、農(nóng)機和無線電行業(yè)，這個比例也超過60％。例如飛機制造業(yè)，某型戰(zhàn)斗機模具使用量超過三萬套，其中主機八千套、發(fā)動機二千套、輔機二萬套。從產(chǎn)值看，80年代以來，美、日等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家模具行業(yè)的產(chǎn)值已超過機床行業(yè)，并又有繼續(xù)增長的趨勢。據(jù)國際生產(chǎn)技術(shù)協(xié)會預(yù)測，到2000年，產(chǎn)品盡件粗加工的75%、精加工的50％將由模具完成；金屬、塑料、陶瓷、橡膠、建材等工業(yè)制品大部分將由模具完成，50％以上的金屬板材、80％以上的塑料都特通過模具轉(zhuǎn)化成制品。2模具的歷史發(fā)展模具的出現(xiàn)可以追溯到幾千年前的陶器和青銅器鑄造，但其大規(guī)模使用卻是隨著現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的掘起而發(fā)展起來的。19世紀(jì)，隨著軍火工業(yè)(槍炮的彈殼)、鐘表工業(yè)、無線電工業(yè)的發(fā)展，沖模得到廣泛使用。二次大戰(zhàn)后，隨著世界經(jīng)濟的飛速發(fā)展，它又成了大量生產(chǎn)家用電器、汽車、電子儀器、照相機、鐘表等零件的最佳方式。從世界范圍看，當(dāng)時美國的沖壓技術(shù)走在前列——許多模具先進(jìn)技術(shù)，如簡易模具、高效率模具、高壽命模具和沖壓自動化技術(shù)，大多起源于美國；而瑞士的精沖、德國的冷擠壓技術(shù)，蘇聯(lián)對塑性加工的研究也處于世界先進(jìn)行列。50年代，模具行業(yè)工作重點是根據(jù)訂戶的要求，制作能滿足產(chǎn)品要求的模具。模具設(shè)計多憑經(jīng)驗，參考已有圖紙和感性認(rèn)識，對所設(shè)計模具零件的機能缺乏真切了解。從1955年到1965年，是壓力加工的探索和開發(fā)時代——對模具主要零部件的機能和受力狀態(tài)進(jìn)行了數(shù)學(xué)分橋，并把這些知識不斷應(yīng)用于現(xiàn)場實際，使得沖壓技術(shù)在各方面有飛躍的發(fā)展。其結(jié)果是歸納出模具設(shè)計原則，并使得壓力機械、沖壓材料、加工方法、梅具結(jié)構(gòu)、模具材料、模具制造方法、自動化裝置等領(lǐng)域面貌一新，并向?qū)嵱没姆较蛲七M(jìn)，從而使沖壓加工從儀能生產(chǎn)優(yōu)良產(chǎn)品的第一階段。進(jìn)入70年代向高速化、啟動化、精密化、安全化發(fā)展的第二階段。在這個過程中不斷涌現(xiàn)各種高效率、商壽命、高精度助多功能自動校具。其代表是多達(dá)別多個工位的級進(jìn)模和十幾個工位的多工位傳遞模。在此基礎(chǔ)上又發(fā)展出既有連續(xù)沖壓工位又有多滑塊成形工位的壓力機—彎曲機。在此期間，日本站到了世界最前列——其模具加工精度進(jìn)入了微米級，模具壽命，合金工具鋼制造的模具達(dá)到了幾千萬次，硬質(zhì)合金鋼制造的模具達(dá)到了幾億次p每分鐘沖壓次數(shù)，小型壓力機