【正文】 s from outlines. An outline is a written plan of the organization of a paper, including the data on which it rests. You should, in fact, think of an outline as a carefully organized and presented set of data, with attendant objectives, hypotheses and conclusions, rather than an outline of text. 為什么要寫提綱？我在這里要強(qiáng)調(diào)提綱在論文寫作，準(zhǔn)備報(bào)告以及研究計(jì)劃中的重要作用。我尤其相信按照提綱進(jìn)行寫作對(duì)我們大家都是最有效的方法。提綱是一篇論文的行文計(jì)劃，應(yīng)該包括論文所依靠的數(shù)據(jù)。事實(shí)上，提綱不僅僅是列出各段的內(nèi)容， 而是按照目的， 假說， 結(jié)論來精心組織數(shù)據(jù)。 An outline itself contains little text. If you and I can agree on the details of the outline (that is, on the data and organization), the supporting text can be assembled fairly easily. If we do not agree on the outline, any text is useless. Much of the time in writing a paper goes into the text。 most of the thought goes into the organization of the data and into the analysis. It can be relatively efficient to go through several (even many) cycles of an outline before beginning to write text。 writing many versions of the full text of a paper is slow. 提綱本身應(yīng)該文字簡(jiǎn)練。如果大家都同意提綱中的細(xì)節(jié)部分，那么正文組織起來就更容易。在我們就提綱達(dá)成一致以前，寫正文是沒有意義的。 寫文章時(shí)，大部份時(shí)間花在寫正文上；而大部份思考是用在整理和分析數(shù)據(jù)。在動(dòng)筆前，詳細(xì)討論幾遍寫作提綱會(huì)提高寫作效率；寫很多遍正文反倒很慢。 All the writing that I do papers, reports, proposals (and, of course, slides for seminars) I do from outlines. I urge you to learn how to use them as well. 我寫的所有文章，包括論文，報(bào)告， 建議（當(dāng)然還有討論會(huì)的膠片）都從提綱開始。我也希望你們能學(xué)會(huì)使用它。 How should you construct an outline? The classical approach is to start with a blank piece of paper, and write down, in any order, all important ideas that occur to you concerning the paper. Ask yourself the obvious questions:“Why did I do this work?” “What does it mean?”“What hypothesis did I mean to test?”“What ones did I actually test?”“What were the results?”“Did the work yield a new method or pound? What?”“What measurements did I make?”“What pounds? How were they characterized?” Sketch possible equations, figures, and schemes. It is essential to try to get the major ideas written down. If you start the research to test one hypothesis, and decide, when you see what you have, that the data really seem to test some other hypothesis better, don39。39。t worry. Write them both down, and pick the best binations of hypotheses, objectives and data. Often the objectives of a paper when it is finished are different from those used to justify starting the work. Much of good science is opportunistic and revisionist.How to Write a Scientific Paper2* 你應(yīng)該如何起草你的提要？最經(jīng)典的方法就是找一頁(yè)空白的紙，以任何順序，寫下與這篇文章有關(guān)的所有重要觀點(diǎn)。自問一些顯而易見的問題：為什么我要做這項(xiàng)工作？它意味著什么? 我要驗(yàn)證哪些假設(shè)? 我究竟驗(yàn)證了哪些假設(shè)？ 結(jié)果如何？ 這項(xiàng)工作產(chǎn)生了新方法或新物質(zhì)嗎？都是什么？我都做了那些測(cè)試？什么化合物？ 它們是如何表征的？展示相關(guān)的方程，圖表和示意圖。試著寫出主要的觀點(diǎn)。如果你的研究開始是為證實(shí)一個(gè)假設(shè)，然而當(dāng)你發(fā)現(xiàn)你有的數(shù)據(jù)仿佛真的可以更好地驗(yàn)證其它的假設(shè)時(shí)，你也不必?fù)?dān)心。把它們兩者都寫出來，去選擇假設(shè)，目的和數(shù)據(jù)的最佳組合。時(shí)常，當(dāng)一篇文章完成時(shí)，它的目的和開始時(shí)是不同的。許多好的科學(xué)來自機(jī)遇和反復(fù)修正。 When you have written down what you can, start with another piece of paper and try to organize the jumble of the first one. Sort all of your ideas into three major heaps (AC). 當(dāng)你已經(jīng)寫下你能寫的，再拿出一頁(yè)紙，試著草擬一份提綱。將你的觀點(diǎn)分成三大類（見A,B,C） A) Introduction Why did I do the work? What were the central motivations and hypotheses? A）引言 為什么我要做這件工作，主要的目的和假設(shè)是什么？ B) Results and Discussion What were the results? How were pounds made and characterized? What was measured? B）結(jié)果和討論 結(jié)果是什么？化合物是怎樣合成與表征的？測(cè)試方法是什么？ C) Conclusions What does it all mean? What hypotheses were proved or disproved? What did I learn? Why does it make a difference? C）結(jié)論 所有這一切意味著什么？證實(shí)或否定了什么假設(shè)？我學(xué)到了什么？結(jié)果為什么與眾不同？ Next, take each of these sections, and organize it on yet finer scale. Concentrate on organizing the data. Construct figures, tables, and schemes to present the data as clearly and pactly as possible. This process can be slow I may sketch a figure 510 times in different ways, trying to decide how it is most clear (and looks best aesthetically). 接下來， 把每一部分再仔細(xì)組織。尤其是要集中整理數(shù)據(jù)。要盡可能把數(shù)據(jù)以清晰、緊湊的圖表來展示。這個(gè)過程也許會(huì)慢些。我可能要用5~10次，而且是以不同的方式，來構(gòu)思一張圖，以便決定怎樣它才最清楚（而且看上去更加美觀）。 Finally, put everything—outline of sections, tables, sketches of figures, equations in good order. 最后，把所有這些—內(nèi)容的提綱、表格、草圖、方程式，排好順序。 When you are satisfied that you have included all the data (or that you know what additional data you intend to collect), and have a plausible organization, give the outline to me. Simply indicate where missing data will go, how you think (hypothesize) they will look, and how you will interpret them if your hypothesis is correct. I will take this outline, add my opinions, suggest changes, and return it to you. It usually takes 45 repeated attempts (often with additional experiments) to agree on an outline. When we have agreed, the data are usually in (or close to) final form (that is, the tables, figures, etc., in the outline will be the tables, figures,…in the paper.) 當(dāng)你已經(jīng)囊括了所有的數(shù)據(jù)（或者你明確知道你還需要收集哪些額外的數(shù)據(jù)），有了一個(gè)合理的構(gòu)架，你對(duì)這些都感到滿意時(shí)，將大綱交給我。簡(jiǎn)要地標(biāo)明哪些地方還缺數(shù)據(jù)，你認(rèn)為（或推測(cè)）這些數(shù)據(jù)大概是什么樣。如果你的推測(cè)是正確的，你將如何去解釋它。拿到你的大綱后，我將把我的觀點(diǎn)，建議反饋給你。一般，我們需要四或五個(gè)來回才能達(dá)成一致（中間經(jīng)常還需要補(bǔ)做一些實(shí)驗(yàn)）。在我們的意見一致后，所有的數(shù)據(jù)通常以最終（或接近最終的）形式確定下來（也就是說，在提綱中的表格，圖表等最終將成為文章中的表格，圖表）。 You can then start writing, with some assurance that much of your prose will be used. 然后，你就可以開始動(dòng)筆寫，注意你寫的這些大多將用于正文。 The key to efficient use of your and my time is that we start exchanging outlines and proposals as early in a project as possible. Do not, under any circumstances, wait until the collection of data is “plete” before starting to write an outline. No project is ever plete, and it saves enormous effort and much time to propose a plausible paper and outline as soon as you see the basic structure of a project. Even if we decide to do significant additional work before seriously organizing a paper, the effort of writing an outline will have helped to guide the research. 合理使用我們的時(shí)間的關(guān)鍵是，我們應(yīng)盡可能早地交換提綱和建議。在任何情況下，都不要等到你已經(jīng)收集“全”了數(shù)據(jù)之后才開始動(dòng)筆寫提綱。研究是永無止境的。當(dāng)你看到你的結(jié)果初具雛形時(shí)，就要立即開始準(zhǔn)備構(gòu)思文章和提綱，這將節(jié)省你很多的精力和時(shí)間。即便在認(rèn)真組織成文前，我們已經(jīng)決定補(bǔ)做重要的其他實(shí)驗(yàn)，試著寫一個(gè)提綱也一定對(duì)研究有指導(dǎo)意義。 The outline 提綱 What should an outline contain? 提綱需要包括哪些內(nèi)容？ Title: Authors: Abstract: Do not write an abstract. That can be done when the paper is plete. 標(biāo)題： 作者： 摘要：不要著急寫摘要，可以等文章寫完后再寫。 Introduction: The first paragraph or two should be written out pl